1 00:00:01,700 --> 00:00:03,725 字幕组：@火星学会@MarsSociety 2 00:00:07,280 --> 00:00:09,480 Hello, and welcome to Cape Canaveral in Florida. 你好，欢迎来到佛罗里达的卡纳维拉尔角 3 00:00:09,480 --> 00:00:12,760 This is Kennedy Space Center,where, 50 years ago, 这是肯尼迪航天中心，50年前，就在这里 4 00:00:12,760 --> 00:00:15,960 Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins 尼尔·阿姆斯特朗、巴兹·奥尔德林和迈克尔·柯林斯 5 00:00:15,960 --> 00:00:18,040 blasted off aboard Apollo 11. 在阿波罗11号上发射升空 6 00:00:18,040 --> 00:00:21,840 And on July 20th, 1969,Neil and Buzz became 1969年7月20日，尼尔和巴兹 7 00:00:21,840 --> 00:00:25,280 the first humans to walk on the moon. 代表人类第一次登上月球 8 00:00:25,280 --> 00:00:27,200 It's very pretty out here. 这里很漂亮 9 00:00:28,360 --> 00:00:32,040 Tonight, we're celebrating that anniversary. 今天，我们要庆祝登月纪念日 10 00:00:32,040 --> 00:00:34,000 But also looking forward. 但也要展望 11 00:00:35,080 --> 00:00:39,080 Because right now, here,new spacecraft are being designed, 因为现在，这里正在设计新的航天器 12 00:00:39,080 --> 00:00:41,920 built and launched,with the ultimate aim of bringing 建造并发射，最终目的是 13 00:00:41,920 --> 00:00:45,640 astronauts back to the moon,to Mars, and even beyond. 送宇航员上月球、火星，甚至更远 14 00:00:48,480 --> 00:00:52,400 Over the next 90 minutes,we'll be revealing the future 在接下来的90分钟里，我们将揭示未来 15 00:00:52,400 --> 00:00:54,040 of human space travel. 人类的太空之旅 16 00:00:55,600 --> 00:00:59,440 I'm Brian Cox, he's Dara O Briain,and this is Stargazing. 我是布莱恩·考克斯，他是达拉·奥布莱恩，这是“观星指南” 17 00:01:01,375 --> 00:01:05,400 STARGAZING：MOON LANDING SPECIAL 观星指南：登月特集 18 00:01:07,160 --> 00:01:09,000 "Come to Florida," they said! 他们说，“来佛罗里达吧” 19 00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:10,440 "It's the Sunshine State!" “这是阳光之州！” 20 00:01:10,440 --> 00:01:11,920 We're in a gale. 可正在刮大风 21 00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:14,080 It's the curse of Stargazing weather, isn't it? 这是“观星指南”的诅咒，不是吗？ 22 00:01:14,080 --> 00:01:15,680 We just bring...We're like rain gods, 是我们带来的，我们是雨神 23 00:01:15,680 --> 00:01:17,120 we bring the bad weather with us. 我们带来了坏天气 24 00:01:17,120 --> 00:01:19,480 This is Cape Canaveral launch complex 41. 这是卡纳维拉尔角发射中心41号 25 00:01:19,480 --> 00:01:22,000 The reason it's so windy is we're right at the very top 风这么大的原因是我们正好在宇航员通道 26 00:01:22,000 --> 00:01:25,840 of the crew's access tower,and if you have the nerve to look 的最上面，如果你有勇气去 27 00:01:25,840 --> 00:01:28,280 down there, which I do not,you'll see the launchpad itself, 看下面，反正我不敢，你看到发射台本身， 28 00:01:28,280 --> 00:01:31,760 a launchpad with a glorious history. 历史悠久的发射台 29 00:01:31,760 --> 00:01:35,360 This launchpad is part of the Cape Canaveral spaceport 这个发射台是卡纳维拉尔角太空港的一部分 30 00:01:35,360 --> 00:01:37,040 in eastern Florida. 在佛罗里达东部 31 00:01:37,040 --> 00:01:40,480 It's spread across over 200 square miles. 它的面积超过了200平方英里 32 00:01:41,920 --> 00:01:45,960 In the centre are the rocket factories and science labs, 中心是火箭工厂和科学实验室 33 00:01:45,960 --> 00:01:49,600 while the launchpads are scattered along the coastline about four miles 发射台沿海岸线散布，大约4英里 34 00:01:49,600 --> 00:01:51,600 to the east. 向东蔓延 35 00:01:51,600 --> 00:01:55,840 From here, over 400 people have blasted into space, 从这里，已经有400多人进入太空 36 00:01:55,840 --> 00:01:58,000 and 24 to the moon. 其中24人去了月球 37 00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:01,440 Well, the other benefits, by the way, of being at this height, 好吧，顺便说一下，处于这个高度的其他好处， 38 00:02:01,440 --> 00:02:03,320 we can see the entire Florida coast. 可以看到整个佛罗里达海岸 39 00:02:03,320 --> 00:02:06,480 We can see the North Atlantic,and all around us in the distance, 我们可以看到北大西洋，以及周围的远处， 40 00:02:06,480 --> 00:02:08,560 you can see more and more launchpads. 您可以看到越来越多的发射台 41 00:02:08,560 --> 00:02:10,440 There are five active pads here. 有五个启用的发射台 42 00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:13,360 This is America's busiest spaceport. 这是美国最繁忙的太空港 43 00:02:13,360 --> 00:02:15,600 Yeah, and I must say,this is probably the second most 是的，我必须说，这可能是第二大 44 00:02:15,600 --> 00:02:19,000 iconic launchpad here,because the most iconic has got 有标志性的发射台，因为最具标志性的发射台 45 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:21,320 to be that one. Can you see that?The black tower in the distance. 是那一个。你看到了吗？远处的黑塔 46 00:02:21,320 --> 00:02:25,360 That is where Apollo 11 launched 50 years ago 就是50年前阿波罗11号发射的地方 47 00:02:26,920 --> 00:02:29,240 On tonight's programme 今天的节目 48 00:02:29,240 --> 00:02:33,720 we'll explore the three key stages of a space mission. 我们将探索太空任务的三个关键阶段 49 00:02:33,720 --> 00:02:37,560 Blasting off from planet Earth... 从地球上发射升空… 50 00:02:37,560 --> 00:02:40,040 RADIO: Houston, we see you, over. 休斯顿，我们收到了，完毕。 51 00:02:40,040 --> 00:02:43,240 ..living in the hostile environment of space... …身处充满敌意的太空环境中… 52 00:02:44,440 --> 00:02:47,440 ..and finally, landing on an alien world. …最后，在陌生的世界着陆 53 00:02:47,440 --> 00:02:51,000 RADIO: That's one small step for man... 个人的一小步 54 00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:54,200 We'll be joined by Apollo legend Charlie Duke. 阿波罗传奇人物查理·杜克也将接受采访 55 00:02:54,200 --> 00:02:55,840 We are go, sit tight, we are go. 可以继续，坐稳了，可以继续 56 00:02:55,840 --> 00:02:58,680 He'll tell us what it was like to guide Neil Armstrong 他会告诉我们亲身经历，指引尼尔·阿姆斯特朗和 57 00:02:58,680 --> 00:03:01,320 and Buzz Aldrin to the lunar surface. 巴兹·奥尔德林登陆月球表面 58 00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:07,000 And as Nasa once again prepares for crewed missions, 当美国航天局再次准备载人任务时 59 00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:11,040 we'll look at the exciting future of space exploration. 我们将展望太空探索令人兴奋的未来 60 00:03:13,160 --> 00:03:16,320 Medic and astrophysicist Doctor Kevin Fong 医学和天体物理学家方凯文博士 61 00:03:16,320 --> 00:03:19,520 attempts the latest in spacewalking technology. 尝试最新的太空行走技术 62 00:03:19,520 --> 00:03:22,240 I've just fallen off the Space Station. 我从空间站上掉下来了 63 00:03:22,240 --> 00:03:25,680 And mathematician Doctor Hannah Fry 数学家汉娜·弗莱博士 64 00:03:25,680 --> 00:03:28,760 test-drives a future Mars buggy. 试驾未来的火星车 65 00:03:28,760 --> 00:03:31,160 Crab out of a crater! 从坑里蟹爬出来！ 66 00:03:37,280 --> 00:03:39,520 One of the things about being at the top of the tower 宇航员在塔顶的感受 67 00:03:39,520 --> 00:03:41,720 like this is you get a real sense of what it 像这样，你真的感受到这是什么感觉 68 00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:45,600 must be like for an astronaut to take those final earthbound steps 一个宇航员踏出地球上的最后几步 69 00:03:45,600 --> 00:03:47,840 before entering a tiny capsule 进入狭小的飞船 70 00:03:47,840 --> 00:03:50,280 sitting on top of a 50 metre rocket 在50米高的火箭顶端 71 00:03:50,280 --> 00:03:53,320 with enough power in it to lift them off the planet 拥有足够推出地球的能量 72 00:03:53,320 --> 00:03:55,560 and into the blackness of space. 进入漫漫的黑色太空 73 00:03:55,560 --> 00:03:57,640 And during the first part of this programme, 在这个计划的第一部分， 74 00:03:57,640 --> 00:04:01,040 we will be examining that monumental effort that's required to create 我们将探寻曾经付出的巨大努力 75 00:04:01,040 --> 00:04:02,400 a successful liftoff. 来实现成功的发射 76 00:04:02,400 --> 00:04:04,120 Could you see yourself doing that? 你想象自己身临其境？ 77 00:04:04,120 --> 00:04:07,360 Honestly, I couldn't fit into the capsules on Apollo. 实话说，我可不适合阿波罗的小飞船 78 00:04:07,360 --> 00:04:10,680 They're made for the small...All astronauts are, like, that tall. 它们是小……所有的宇航员都只有这么高 79 00:04:10,680 --> 00:04:13,760 But now, interesting, yeah, maybe,maybe there's been... 当然，很有趣，可能现在…… 80 00:04:13,760 --> 00:04:16,280 Maybe they're built for the bigger man now. 应该有了适应大块头的飞船 81 00:04:16,280 --> 00:04:20,720 Well, the most famous launch of all, I suppose, was 50 years ago, 嗯，我想最有名的一次发射是在50年前， 82 00:04:20,720 --> 00:04:22,360 Apollo 11. 阿波罗11号 83 00:04:24,200 --> 00:04:26,640 Apollo 11, this is launch operations manager. 阿波罗11号，这是发射控制主任 84 00:04:26,640 --> 00:04:29,560 The launch team wishes you good luck and Godspeed. 发射团队祝愿你们好运，一路平安 85 00:04:31,920 --> 00:04:37,000 At 6:52 on the morning of the 16th of July, 1969, 1969年7月16日上午6:52 86 00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:39,240 Commander Neil Armstrong, 尼尔·阿姆斯特朗指令长， 87 00:04:39,240 --> 00:04:42,760 lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin 登月舱驾驶员巴兹·奥尔德林 88 00:04:42,760 --> 00:04:45,920 and command module pilot Michael Collins... 指令舱驾驶员迈克尔·柯林斯 89 00:04:48,480 --> 00:04:52,080 ..took the lift to the top of the Saturn V rocket to climb …乘电梯到土星五号火箭的顶部 90 00:04:52,080 --> 00:04:55,280 aboard their Apollo spacecraft. 进入阿波罗号飞船 91 00:04:55,280 --> 00:04:58,320 RADIO COMMS: Roger, they're running on idle power. OK. 无线电通讯：收到，他们正在用空闲的电源运行。好 92 00:05:00,760 --> 00:05:04,200 Whilst the world waited, the astronauts and ground control 整个世界在等待着，宇航员和地面控制 93 00:05:04,200 --> 00:05:07,240 teams ran through systems checks. 各小组进行了系统检查 94 00:05:07,240 --> 00:05:09,480 RADIO COMMS: Stand by for S4V. 无线电通讯：待命，S4V 95 00:05:09,480 --> 00:05:12,520 Stand by for S4V, the COI capability. 待命，S4V，COI检查 96 00:05:12,520 --> 00:05:17,000 It had taken nine years,400,000 engineers, 花了9年时间，40万名工程师， 97 00:05:17,000 --> 00:05:22,680 scientists and technicians and an estimated £88 billion 科学家和技术人员以及估计880亿英镑 98 00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:25,480 to get to this point. 终于到了这一点 99 00:05:25,480 --> 00:05:29,320 RADIO COMMS: T -15 seconds, guidance is internal. 无线电通讯：-15秒计时，自主导航 100 00:05:29,320 --> 00:05:32,440 12, 11, 10, 9... 101 00:05:32,440 --> 00:05:36,920 At exactly 9:31am,the main engines ignited. 上午9点31分，主发动机点火 102 00:05:38,280 --> 00:05:41,160 Zero! All engines running. 0！所有发动机点火 103 00:05:42,960 --> 00:05:45,680 Liftoff, we have a liftoff! 发射，我们发射了！ 104 00:05:52,320 --> 00:05:56,640 Burning nearly 3 million litres of hydrogen and oxygen, 燃烧近300万升氢和氧， 105 00:05:56,640 --> 00:06:02,240 the 111 metre Saturn V rocket broke free of Earth's gravity. 111米高的土星五号火箭摆脱了地球引力 106 00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:05,960 RADIO COMMS: Neil Armstrong reporting the roll and pitch 无线电通讯：尼尔·阿姆斯特朗汇报推动和翻转情况 107 00:06:05,960 --> 00:06:08,200 programme, which puts Apollo 11 on a proper heading. 让阿波罗11号保持正确的指向 108 00:06:10,280 --> 00:06:15,680 The first key step in Neil, Buzz and Michael's 尼尔、巴兹和迈克尔的关键一步 109 00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:17,160 historic journey to the moon. 历史性的登月旅程 110 00:06:35,880 --> 00:06:38,720 Today, this launchpad is home to commercial space company 今天，这个发射台是商业太空公司的基地 111 00:06:38,720 --> 00:06:40,520 United Launch Alliance. 联合发射联盟 112 00:06:40,520 --> 00:06:43,120 From here, they launch satellites and space probes 从这里，他们发射卫星和太空探测器 113 00:06:43,120 --> 00:06:45,400 on uncrewed rockets. 用非载人火箭 114 00:06:45,400 --> 00:06:49,200 Well, this pad has now been upgraded for human space flight, 嗯，这个发射台现在已经为载人航天升级 115 00:06:49,200 --> 00:06:52,200 and I think it is very exciting to imagine that at some point 我觉得想象起来就会贼激动 116 00:06:52,200 --> 00:06:55,800 later this year, astronauts may be stood in this very spot, 今年的年底，宇航员可能就站在这个发射台上 117 00:06:55,800 --> 00:07:01,200 about to board Boeing's new CST-100 Starliner spacecraft. 即将登上波音公司的CST-100星际飞船 118 00:07:01,200 --> 00:07:05,040 I'm going to show you slightly more of a geographical rundown, 我要带你更详细地看一下分布， 119 00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:07,440 because we very rarely get this level of access. 因为我们很少获得这一级别的访问权限 120 00:07:07,440 --> 00:07:09,080 It's fairly straightforward. 这里一点也不复杂 121 00:07:09,080 --> 00:07:11,160 There's a lift,a solid, shockproof lift. 有电梯，坚固的防震电梯 122 00:07:11,160 --> 00:07:14,200 There's a toilet, not so much for the astronauts, 有个厕所，不是给宇航员用的， 123 00:07:14,200 --> 00:07:16,640 because that is quite a palaver to get them out of the suit. 能把他们从航天服里掏出来就很了不起了 124 00:07:16,640 --> 00:07:21,800 This walk is the iconic slow-motion to music walk that astronauts make. 这是他们可以迈出缓慢的机械舞步伐的地方 125 00:07:21,800 --> 00:07:24,520 They'd walk through this,and there's an arm that would swing 穿过去，有一个机械长臂 126 00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:27,400 from here out to the capsule. 从这里到飞船 127 00:07:27,400 --> 00:07:30,720 That arm now is swung inside,so we can actually go into it. 那只长臂现在收起来，所以我们可以进入 128 00:07:30,720 --> 00:07:33,840 This is the equivalent,I suppose, of the jetway, 我想，这设备相当于登机廊桥 129 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:35,560 when you board your plane. 当你乘飞机的时候 130 00:07:35,560 --> 00:07:38,200 This is the equivalent of it in space terms, 和登上太空飞船类似 131 00:07:38,200 --> 00:07:41,680 and it leads to an incredibly special place called The White Room. 它通向一个非常特别的地方，叫做白房间 132 00:07:43,680 --> 00:07:46,760 The White Room is the last room the astronauts will see, 白色的房间是宇航员最后待的地方 133 00:07:46,760 --> 00:07:49,120 the last place on Earth the astronauts will see 离开地球之前最后待在这里 134 00:07:49,120 --> 00:07:51,000 before they take off. 起飞之前 135 00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:53,040 Some of the information here is very, very fundamental. 这里的信息非常非常基础 136 00:07:53,040 --> 00:07:54,640 This is the countdown, obviously. 显然，这是倒计时 137 00:07:54,640 --> 00:07:56,840 That shows how long until the liftoff occurs. 这显示了离发射还有多长时间 138 00:07:56,840 --> 00:07:59,600 This red phone is a direct line to launch control. 这部红色电话是发射控制的直拨电话 139 00:07:59,600 --> 00:08:02,360 The yellow phone, in a slightly more kind of touching way, 黄色的电话，是一种更感人的联系 140 00:08:02,360 --> 00:08:05,400 is for the astronauts to ring their families one last time. 宇航员可以给家人通一个电话 141 00:08:05,400 --> 00:08:08,280 And then they get suited up,or finished their preparations, 然后他们穿戴好，或者完成准备工作 142 00:08:08,280 --> 00:08:09,760 and placed into their capsule. 进入太空舱里 143 00:08:09,760 --> 00:08:13,360 The man who'd be looking after all of that is Dane Dreftly. 负责这一切的人是戴恩·德鲁夫 144 00:08:13,360 --> 00:08:17,400 You are the chief of the tower crew.Am I right? 你是这里的发射塔团队主管，对吗？ 145 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:20,040 Yes. Yes. Tower Chief, Blue Team Lead is my official title. 是的是的，这里的塔长，蓝队主任是我的正式名称 146 00:08:20,040 --> 00:08:22,680 This White Room is very,very important, because this, 这个白房间非常非常重要，因为， 147 00:08:22,680 --> 00:08:25,400 this is it, this is the last contact we have with them. 就是这样，这是我们和他们的最后联系 148 00:08:25,400 --> 00:08:27,600 Yes, it is.How long is the process? 是的。这个过程要多长时间？ 149 00:08:27,600 --> 00:08:29,920 It's a four-hour process from the time we get the rocket 从火箭就绪的时候算起，这是一个四小时的过程 150 00:08:29,920 --> 00:08:33,240 fully fuelled and ready for the process to begin loading 火箭充满燃料，准备好宇航员的进入 151 00:08:33,240 --> 00:08:35,880 the astronauts, and my team will be the first to arrive, 我的团队将首先到这里 152 00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:37,120 we'll be the first ones in. 我们是第一个进来的 153 00:08:37,120 --> 00:08:40,720 We will configure this whole room to get ready for the crew. 我们会把整个房间布置好，为全体队员做好准备 154 00:08:40,720 --> 00:08:43,720 And the last to arrive will be the astronauts? 最后到达的将是宇航员？ 155 00:08:43,720 --> 00:08:44,800 Correct, yes. 对的，是的 156 00:08:44,800 --> 00:08:48,240 So there'll be five people here inside the White Room, 白房间里有五个人 157 00:08:48,240 --> 00:08:50,680 helping the astronauts get into the capsule, 帮助宇航员进入太空舱 158 00:08:50,680 --> 00:08:53,360 configuring everything,and then my crew, including myself, 配置一切，然后我的团队，包括我自己 159 00:08:53,360 --> 00:08:56,960 will be three. We'll be standing by outside, overseeing 三个人，我们会站在外面监督 160 00:08:56,960 --> 00:08:58,160 the entire operation. 整个操作 161 00:08:58,160 --> 00:09:05,560 Before launch, the astronauts take turns to wee on the bus, 在发射前，宇航员们轮流在巴士 162 00:09:05,560 --> 00:09:08,000 the back wheel of the bus.You're familiar with this tradition? 巴士的后轮上尿尿，你知道这个传统吗？ 163 00:09:08,000 --> 00:09:10,000 I am familiar with that tradition, yes. 我知道这个传统，是的 164 00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:13,720 Is there the opportunity to establish brand-new traditions? 有机会建立全新的传统吗？ 165 00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:17,120 Yes. We are, you know,the steely-eyed missile men, 对。你知道，我们是铁眼火箭人， 166 00:09:17,120 --> 00:09:19,480 we're kind of superstitious in many ways. Yeah. 我们在很多方面有点迷信。是啊 167 00:09:19,480 --> 00:09:23,760 And the rituals that we've established 以及我们形成的一些习惯 168 00:09:23,760 --> 00:09:25,840 I still do every time. 我还是每次都做 169 00:09:25,840 --> 00:09:28,080 So the last thing I do is I give it a little, 所以我做的最后一件事就是， 170 00:09:28,080 --> 00:09:30,800 you know, pat on the very top of the nose cone and say, 拍一拍火箭的尖头，然后说， 171 00:09:30,800 --> 00:09:33,560 "Let's go, people." Yeah, so... “我们出发吧，伙计们。”是的，所以…… 172 00:09:33,560 --> 00:09:35,600 Does it have any bearing on reality? 它与现实有什么关系吗？ 173 00:09:35,600 --> 00:09:38,360 No, absolutely not, but it certainly makes me feel better. 不，绝对不是，但这确实让我感觉好多了 174 00:09:38,360 --> 00:09:39,840 Lovely. Very, very good. 不错。非常非常好 175 00:09:39,840 --> 00:09:41,400 Dane, thank you very much. 戴恩，非常感谢 176 00:09:41,400 --> 00:09:44,720 Five and a half miles from Dane's launch tower, 距离戴恩的发射塔5.5英里， 177 00:09:44,720 --> 00:09:47,200 on the other side of the Cape Canaveral site, 在卡纳维拉尔角的另一边， 178 00:09:47,200 --> 00:09:49,800 lies a building that houses one of the most famous 是一座建筑，最著名的 179 00:09:49,800 --> 00:09:51,640 rockets ever built - 火箭在这里建造 180 00:09:51,640 --> 00:09:55,080 the machine that propelled astronauts to the moon, 把宇航员送上月球的机器， 181 00:09:55,080 --> 00:09:56,320 the Saturn V. 土星五号 182 00:09:58,160 --> 00:10:00,600 Nothing prepares you for the scale of this thing. 这火箭的规模足以让你瞠目结舌 183 00:10:00,600 --> 00:10:03,560 This is the only rocket ever to have taken astronauts 唯一的能把人发射出去的巨无霸 184 00:10:03,560 --> 00:10:05,480 beyond Earth orbit. 能送出地球轨道 185 00:10:05,480 --> 00:10:10,240 These five F1 engines are the most powerful rocket engines ever flown. 这五个F1发动机是有史以来最强大的火箭发动机 186 00:10:10,240 --> 00:10:15,600 They burn through 15 tonnes of rocket fuel every second at liftoff. 点火起飞时它们每秒钟燃烧15吨火箭燃料 187 00:10:15,600 --> 00:10:19,880 The fuel pumps alone are more powerful than a 747 flying 单是燃油泵就相当强大，超过747飞机 188 00:10:19,880 --> 00:10:23,960 down the runway, and that's what you need to lift this 起飞的动力，就是这么强劲才能举起 189 00:10:23,960 --> 00:10:26,560 3,000-tonne spacecraft off the ground. 3000吨的火箭 190 00:10:26,560 --> 00:10:31,040 Now, in this fuel tank,there are 2,000 tonnes of 这里，在这燃料箱里，有2000吨 191 00:10:31,040 --> 00:10:33,280 rocket fuel, and those F1 engines 火箭燃料，那些F1发动机 192 00:10:33,280 --> 00:10:36,320 burn through it in about two and a half minutes, 2分半钟就全烧光了 193 00:10:36,320 --> 00:10:41,000 at which point, the spacecraft is at an altitude of around 38 miles. 在那时，火箭飞到大约38英里高 194 00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:44,280 The fuel is exhausted,so you don't need the first stage any more 燃料耗尽了，所以你不需要火箭的第一级 195 00:10:44,280 --> 00:10:46,840 and so it's jettisoned, 所以它被抛弃了， 196 00:10:46,840 --> 00:10:51,960 falls away, leaving the second stage of the Saturn V. 掉下来，剩下土星五号的第二级 197 00:10:51,960 --> 00:10:55,760 In this case, five engines again,but a little bit smaller. 在这里，5个发动机，不过小一点 198 00:10:55,760 --> 00:10:59,520 It's their job to take the spacecraft from an altitude 它们的工作就是推动火箭 199 00:10:59,520 --> 00:11:04,800 of 38 miles to around 114.5 miles. 从38英里升到114.5英里 200 00:11:04,800 --> 00:11:10,120 And they do that by burning through a second tank of rocket fuel. 它们的燃料来自第二燃料箱 201 00:11:10,120 --> 00:11:16,560 Now, after about six minutes or so,the fuel in this tank is also 现在，差不多6分钟，这里的燃料也 202 00:11:16,560 --> 00:11:20,200 exhausted, and so the second stage is no longer necessary, 烧完了，火箭的第二级也没用了 203 00:11:20,200 --> 00:11:22,840 and so it too falls away. 也会被扔掉 204 00:11:22,840 --> 00:11:27,560 The spacecraft is then almost in orbit, but not quite. 宇宙飞船当时差不多在轨道上，但还不完全 205 00:11:27,560 --> 00:11:32,400 And so a single engine on the third stage takes over. 所以一个单火箭发动机开始工作 206 00:11:32,400 --> 00:11:37,280 Now, this engine burns to take the speed of the moon ship, 这里，这个发动机把登月飞船的速度 207 00:11:37,280 --> 00:11:41,520 which is this piece,for about 17,500 miles per hour, 就是这个飞船，推到一小时17500英里 208 00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:44,320 at which point this is in orbit. 飞船已经在环地球的轨道上 209 00:11:44,320 --> 00:11:47,720 Then the spacecraft continues to orbit the Earth until everybody's 飞船要继续环绕地球轨道运行，直到所有人 210 00:11:47,720 --> 00:11:51,640 convinced it's working properly,and then the single engine ignites 都确信它工作正常，然后单引擎点火 211 00:11:51,640 --> 00:11:56,360 one last time to take the moon ship to 24,500 miles per hour, 最后一次点火推动飞船的速度达到24500英里/小时 212 00:11:56,360 --> 00:11:58,880 and it's on its way to the moon. 它就进入登月轨道 213 00:11:58,880 --> 00:12:03,240 So, this is what you need to launch this, which is pretty much 所以，这就是你登月需要发射的火箭 214 00:12:03,240 --> 00:12:05,720 the smallest ship you can imagine. 尽管只是送一个甲壳虫那么大的飞船 215 00:12:05,720 --> 00:12:09,600 The minimum spaceship, if you like,to take three astronauts 最小号的飞船，也可以说，送3名宇航员 216 00:12:09,600 --> 00:12:12,320 to the moon, and bring them back again. 登上月球，再返回来 217 00:12:16,280 --> 00:12:18,920 But what would it have been like to sit on top of this? 那么坐在这个火箭顶上是什么感觉呢？ 218 00:12:18,920 --> 00:12:22,160 Well, luckily, we're joined by a man who can tell us exactly that, 好吧，幸运的是，这里有位能准确告诉我们这一切的人 219 00:12:22,160 --> 00:12:25,600 the lunar module pilot for Apollo16 and tenth man to walk 阿波罗16号的登月舱驾驶员，登月的第十人 220 00:12:25,600 --> 00:12:27,240 on the moon, General Charlie Duke. 查理·杜克上将 221 00:12:27,240 --> 00:12:29,240 Thank you very much.Charlie, lovely to meet you. 非常感谢。查理，很高兴见到你 222 00:12:29,240 --> 00:12:31,920 Nice to see you, hi. All right. How are you? Nice to see you, Charlie. 很高兴见到你，嗨。很好。你好吗？很高兴见到你，查理。 223 00:12:31,920 --> 00:12:35,160 What, how was the ride,basically, in a vehicle like this? 来吧，基本上，在这样的飞船里情况如何？ 224 00:12:35,160 --> 00:12:38,640 Well, at liftoff, it was real shaky,which surprised me. 嗯，在起飞的时候，它真的很颠簸，让我吃惊 225 00:12:38,640 --> 00:12:42,280 I didn't remember anybody telling me it was supposed to shake as much 谁也没说过它会像那样嚣张地 226 00:12:42,280 --> 00:12:46,520 as it did,but you can imagine,the vehicle is 110 metres long. 震动，但你可以想象，火箭有110米长 227 00:12:46,520 --> 00:12:49,960 You are sitting on that far end,and these engines that you see here 你坐在顶头上，你看到的这些发动机 228 00:12:49,960 --> 00:12:55,840 are moving, and as they move,that vibration goes up the launch, 在震荡，这个震荡一直向上传导 229 00:12:55,840 --> 00:12:57,720 the stack, if you will. 可以说是一波又一波 230 00:12:57,720 --> 00:13:02,000 And when it hits the spacecraft,it's a real big vibration. 像撞击一样传到飞船，很剧烈 231 00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:05,160 I found out later at liftoff,I was so excited, my heartbeat 后来我在起飞之后发现，我很兴奋，我的心跳 232 00:13:05,160 --> 00:13:08,320 was 144 at liftoff. 在起飞时达到144 233 00:13:08,320 --> 00:13:12,320 And I was really excited, man,I'm on my way. 我当时真的很激动，终于飞上天了 234 00:13:12,320 --> 00:13:15,360 You know, we trained for two years for this moment. 你知道，我们为此训练了两年 235 00:13:15,360 --> 00:13:18,120 I can't believe that nobody mentioned, you're Apollo 16, 我不敢相信没人提到过，已经是阿波罗16号 236 00:13:18,120 --> 00:13:19,840 nobody mentioned the shaking? 没人提到震动？ 237 00:13:19,840 --> 00:13:24,960 Well, it's... Each vehicle had its own character, if you will. 嗯，这个…这么说吧，每枚火箭都有自己的个性 238 00:13:24,960 --> 00:13:28,960 And I think ours was a little bit more, and I can't tell you why, 我觉得我们的有点过了，我不知道为什么， 239 00:13:28,960 --> 00:13:33,640 and I'm sure that we talked about it, but it didn't register. 我敢肯定我们谈过，但没有记录下来 240 00:13:33,640 --> 00:13:37,000 Right. Apollo 16 was your first flight into space. 好的。阿波罗16号是你第一次太空飞行 241 00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:40,160 So, when all that drama is over,after only, what is it, 所以，当这一阶段都结束后，仅仅是，大概是 242 00:13:40,160 --> 00:13:44,560 12 or 13 minutes, and you're in orbit, what is that like? 12或13分钟的样子，你在地球轨道了，感觉怎么样？ 243 00:13:44,560 --> 00:13:47,960 Well, let me say, we orbited the Earth one and a half times, 好吧，我说说看，我们绕地球运行了一圈半， 244 00:13:47,960 --> 00:13:52,320 and over Australia, we left Earth orbit to go ahead to the moon. 在澳大利亚上空，我们离开地球轨道前往月球 245 00:13:52,320 --> 00:13:55,400 And then after that,we turned our spaceship around,and there was 然后，我们把我们的飞船掉过头，那里 246 00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:59,880 the Earth,just suspended in the blackness of space out there. 就是地球，悬浮在黑暗的太空中 247 00:13:59,880 --> 00:14:05,760 You could see the Arctic Circle and those white-brown of the land, 你可以看到北极圈和那些白棕色的土地， 248 00:14:05,760 --> 00:14:09,520 and the blue of the ocean,suspended in the blackness of space. 大片的蓝色海洋，漂在太空的漆黑背景前 249 00:14:09,520 --> 00:14:12,200 It's breathtaking to see that for the first time. 第一次看到它令人叹为观止 250 00:14:12,200 --> 00:14:14,760 Yeah, that must be very powerful,because there are very few people 是的，那一定很强烈的冲击，因为人很少 251 00:14:14,760 --> 00:14:18,160 who've seen the whole Earth.Only 24 of us! 能在地球之外看到整个地球的人，只有24人 252 00:14:18,160 --> 00:14:20,680 The 24 men who went to the moon in Apollo 24个登月的宇航员 253 00:14:20,680 --> 00:14:25,280 have seen it with our own eyes, that whole circle of the Earth. 亲眼在远处看过地球，整个轮廓 254 00:14:25,280 --> 00:14:29,040 Astronauts in Earth orbit see a lot of beautiful curvatures, 地球轨道上的宇航员看到了许多美丽的地球弧线， 255 00:14:29,040 --> 00:14:32,760 but they can't see the whole of the Earth. 但是他们看不到整个地球 256 00:14:36,640 --> 00:14:40,080 Charlie's trip to the moon started from here, 查理的登月之旅从这里开始， 257 00:14:40,080 --> 00:14:41,680 in Cape Canaveral. 在卡纳维拉尔角 258 00:14:41,680 --> 00:14:43,040 RADIO: We have a liftoff. 通话：我们起飞了 259 00:14:43,040 --> 00:14:45,640 The Saturn V lifting off the ground ploughs ahead, 土星五号从前面升起，冲破穹顶 260 00:14:45,640 --> 00:14:48,400 building up thrust.We've cleared the tower. 增加推力，离开了发射塔 261 00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:54,280 But in 2011, Nasa retired the last of its spacecraft that could carry people 2011年，NASA退役了最后的航天飞机，能送人 262 00:14:54,320 --> 00:15:00,680 into orbit.Since then, astronauts have had to fly from a Russian base. 上太空的航天飞机，之后，宇航员只能从俄罗斯基地升空 263 00:15:00,680 --> 00:15:04,720 But now, Nasa and a group of commercial companies 但是现在，NASA和一群商业公司 264 00:15:04,720 --> 00:15:07,840 have been working to change that. 正在努力改变 265 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:14,000 Aerospace company Boeing is building the Starliner spacecraft, 波音航空公司正在建造星际飞船， 266 00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:15,840 right here on site. 就在这里 267 00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:19,280 It will fly on top of an Atlas V rocket, 它将装在阿特拉斯五号火箭上， 268 00:15:19,280 --> 00:15:23,600 which currently takes satellites and space probes into orbit. 这个型号目前用于将卫星和空间探测器送入轨道 269 00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:29,840 When finished, it will fly up to seven astronauts per flight 完成后，每次飞行最多可运送7名宇航员 270 00:15:29,840 --> 00:15:32,240 to the International Space Station, 送到国际空间站 271 00:15:32,240 --> 00:15:35,320 a laboratory in space that has been continuously occupied 一直被占用的太空实验室 272 00:15:35,320 --> 00:15:39,000 for 18 years by astronauts and cosmonauts. 连续被宇航员占据18年 273 00:15:40,680 --> 00:15:45,640 Another commercial company,Elon Musk's SpaceX, is also working 另一家商业公司Elon Musk的SpaceX也在努力 274 00:15:45,640 --> 00:15:48,920 to take people there by the end of the year. 年底就送人上空间站 275 00:15:48,920 --> 00:15:52,520 They have developed pioneering self-landing rockets. 他们开发了先进的自动着陆火箭 276 00:15:52,520 --> 00:15:55,840 This make them re-usable,and means they have slashed the cost 可以重复使用，意味着削减了成本 277 00:15:55,840 --> 00:15:58,720 of getting cargo into space. 把货物送上太空 278 00:15:58,720 --> 00:16:03,440 RADIO: Two, one, zero, ignition,liftoff! 通话：2，1,0，点火，起飞！ 279 00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:08,720 In March 2019, the company successfully tested their 2019年3月，公司成功测试了 280 00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:11,880 Crew Dragon spacecraft,which flies on top of their 龙飞船，用的火箭是 281 00:16:11,880 --> 00:16:13,720 self-landing Falcon rocket. 可回收猎鹰火箭 282 00:16:13,720 --> 00:16:16,600 RADIO: Mission copy, vehicle is centred. 通话：任务收到，飞船对准 283 00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:20,080 This unmanned test proved it could dock with 这次无人驾驶试验证明它可以对接 284 00:16:20,080 --> 00:16:23,480 the International Space Station,a major milestone. 国际空间站，一个重要的里程碑 285 00:16:23,480 --> 00:16:29,080 But in April, disaster struck,when during an unmanned test, 但是在四月份，灾难发生了，在无人的地面测试中， 286 00:16:29,080 --> 00:16:32,880 the Crew Dragon spacecraft exploded on the launchpad. “龙”号载人飞船在地面试车时爆炸 287 00:16:32,880 --> 00:16:34,840 MISSION TESTERS GASP 任务测试人员叹气 288 00:16:34,840 --> 00:16:37,280 No, no! 不，不要！ 289 00:16:37,280 --> 00:16:40,520 Investigating the cause will mean delays. 调查原因意味着延误 290 00:16:43,720 --> 00:16:46,120 While commercial companies are looking to take people 商业公司在努力把人们 291 00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:51,320 to the Space Station,Nasa's focus is deep space. 带到空间站，美国宇航局的重点则放在深空 292 00:16:51,320 --> 00:16:55,360 It's building the Orion spacecraft to take people back to the moon, 它正在建造“猎户座”飞船，把人们带回月球， 293 00:16:55,360 --> 00:16:57,400 and eventually onto Mars. 最终可以去火星 294 00:16:58,840 --> 00:17:02,680 Orion will be carried by a new rocket, known as 猎户座将由一种新的火箭运载，被称为 295 00:17:02,680 --> 00:17:06,160 the Space Launch System, or SLS. 太空发射系统，SLS 296 00:17:06,160 --> 00:17:09,000 It's being assembled at Nasa's Michoud base 它正在美国航天局的米丘德基地组装 297 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:13,520 and, once completed, will tower to a height of 111 metres. 全部完成的话，将高达111米 298 00:17:15,280 --> 00:17:21,760 Its engines will propel four astronauts to over 25,000 mph - 它的引擎推动四名宇航员以每小时25000英里的速度前进- 299 00:17:21,760 --> 00:17:26,640 the speed needed to escape Earth's gravity. 逃离地球引力的速度 300 00:17:32,120 --> 00:17:37,200 Right now, those engines are being tested at a unique Nasa facility. 目前，这些发动机正在美国宇航局的一个独特设施中进行测试 301 00:17:40,280 --> 00:17:43,320 Doctor Kevin Fong has been to investigate. 方凯文博士一直在研究 302 00:17:44,880 --> 00:17:48,240 I'm on my way to Hancock County in Mississippi, 我在去密西西比州汉考克县的路上， 303 00:17:48,240 --> 00:17:51,280 in search of Nasa's most secluded site. 为了寻找美国宇航局最隐蔽的地点 304 00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:55,880 It's buried in the forest,far away from any town, 它隐藏在森林里，远离任何城镇， 305 00:17:55,880 --> 00:17:58,960 because it really has to be. 因为这是必须的 306 00:17:58,960 --> 00:18:02,960 At John C Stennis Space Center,a team of engineers is preparing to 在约翰·C·斯坦尼斯航天中心，一队工程师正在准备 307 00:18:02,960 --> 00:18:09,080 test fire an engine that will power the space launch system SLS rocket. 一台发动机，该发动机将为太空发射系统SLS火箭提供动力 308 00:18:11,280 --> 00:18:15,880 Despite the fact it will be the biggest rocket ever built, 尽管它将是有史以来最大的火箭， 309 00:18:15,880 --> 00:18:19,120 they're planning to use second-hand engines. 他们计划使用以前的发动机 310 00:18:22,520 --> 00:18:27,360 This is an RS25 engine,and it's a marvel of engineering. 这是一个RS25引擎，是一个工程奇迹 311 00:18:27,360 --> 00:18:31,480 The job of this engine is to move liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, 这台发动机的工作是利用液氧和液氢， 312 00:18:31,480 --> 00:18:35,400 burning it, developing enough temperature and pressure to eject 燃烧，产生足够的温度和压力来喷射 313 00:18:35,400 --> 00:18:41,480 from this nozzle at 9,600 mph, and that generates enough thrust 以9600英里/小时的速度从喷嘴中喷射，产生足够的推力 314 00:18:41,480 --> 00:18:44,760 to get the next generation of exploration vehicle 推动下一代太空火箭 315 00:18:44,760 --> 00:18:46,680 into deep space. 送上深空 316 00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:52,400 Standing at 4.3 metres tall,and weighing around four tonnes, 身高4.3米，重约4吨， 317 00:18:52,400 --> 00:18:57,560 the RS25 has been Nasa's workhorse for more than 30 years. RS25已经成为美国宇航局的主力30多年了 318 00:18:57,560 --> 00:18:59,680 RADIO: We are go for main engine start. 通话：主发动机就绪 319 00:18:59,680 --> 00:19:01,600 We have main engine start. 主发动机点火 320 00:19:03,920 --> 00:19:08,800 It powered every one of the 135 space shuttle launches. RS25曾推动135次的航天飞机发射 321 00:19:13,080 --> 00:19:16,960 But its next job will be far tougher. 它的下一个任务将更艰难 322 00:19:16,960 --> 00:19:22,160 To lift the SLS' enormous weight,Nasa's engineers have two solid 为了推动SLS的巨大重量，美国宇航局的工程师们有两个固体 323 00:19:22,160 --> 00:19:26,920 rocket boosters working alongside the RS25 engines. 火箭与RS25一起点火发动 324 00:19:26,920 --> 00:19:33,320 And they'll need to push the RS25s beyond anything they've done before. 他们需要使RS25超越它们以前做过的任何发射 325 00:19:33,320 --> 00:19:37,920 The aim of today's test is to run the engine 今天测试的目的是使发动机运转 326 00:19:37,920 --> 00:19:44,160 past its proven maximum thrust,to 113% for 510 seconds. 超越最大推力运行，达到113%，持续510秒 327 00:19:44,160 --> 00:19:50,040 This is how long four RS25 engines will have to burn in unison 这是四个RS25发动机必须同时燃烧的时间 328 00:19:50,040 --> 00:19:52,880 to put the SLS safely into orbit. 把SLS安全送入轨道 329 00:19:54,520 --> 00:19:59,600 But pushing a rocket engine this hard is risky. 但是这样使用火箭发动机是有风险的 330 00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:03,840 The early history of uncrewed rockets shows just how easily 早期的非载人火箭的历史表明很可能 331 00:20:03,840 --> 00:20:05,680 things can go wrong. 会出错 332 00:20:14,240 --> 00:20:18,720 The test is being carried out on Stennis' A1 test stand. 试验在斯坦尼斯的A1试验台上进行 333 00:20:19,880 --> 00:20:24,200 Towering at 60 metres tall,there's a further 60 metres 高60米，地下还有60米 334 00:20:24,200 --> 00:20:29,680 of concrete and steel below ground to anchor the stand firmly in place, 的混凝土和钢结构，用于将支架牢牢固定到位， 335 00:20:29,680 --> 00:20:32,920 and stop the engine launching into the air. 阻止发动机飞出去 336 00:20:35,640 --> 00:20:38,200 So we're on the build-up to the test now. 所以我们现在正在进行测试 337 00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:41,040 In the background there is a team of engineers, 后面背景是一个工程师团队， 338 00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:44,880 making sure that it's running correctly, and at any moment, 确保它运行正常，并且在任何时候， 339 00:20:44,880 --> 00:20:46,960 if anything looks wrong,if any of the pressures 如果有任何问题，如果有任何压力 340 00:20:46,960 --> 00:20:49,360 are out of range,if any of the flows look wrong, 超出范围，如果燃料流动出现问题， 341 00:20:49,360 --> 00:20:51,200 they will stop this test. 他们会停止测试 342 00:20:51,200 --> 00:20:54,240 SIREN BLARES 警笛声 343 00:20:54,240 --> 00:20:58,280 That was a 60-second siren,so let's just stand by and watch 那是一个60秒的警报，所以让我们站好等一会儿 344 00:20:58,280 --> 00:20:59,720 what's going to happen. 看会发生什么 345 00:21:06,640 --> 00:21:08,000 Here we go! 开始了！ 346 00:21:14,080 --> 00:21:19,040 So, I've seen several shuttle launches from two miles away. 额，从两英里外我见过几次发射的航天飞机 347 00:21:19,040 --> 00:21:21,400 I've never been this close to a rocket firing, 我从未如此接近火箭点火， 348 00:21:21,400 --> 00:21:24,120 and it really is quite something! 真的很了不起！ 349 00:21:29,720 --> 00:21:31,400 I can feel that in my chest. 我的内脏都能感觉到 350 00:21:31,400 --> 00:21:33,840 We are half a mile away from this... 我们离火箭有半英里远… 351 00:21:33,840 --> 00:21:36,840 ..and you just can't help but get a sense of …你只是情不自禁地感觉到 352 00:21:36,840 --> 00:21:39,360 the enormous power involved here. 这里消耗的巨大能量 353 00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:45,720 The engineers are looking for anything out of the ordinary, 工程师们正在检测任何不寻常的东西， 354 00:21:45,720 --> 00:21:49,200 like small deformations in this,the engine nozzle, 就像发动机喷嘴的微小变形 355 00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:52,240 that could lead to the engines exploding. 可能导致引擎爆炸 356 00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:57,000 Just imagine what it would be like to be an astronaut, 想象一下宇航员会是什么样子 357 00:21:57,000 --> 00:22:00,480 sitting on top of four of those engines! 坐在4个这样的火箭发动机上面 358 00:22:00,480 --> 00:22:04,280 The only fuel is hydrogen and oxygen, 所用的燃料是氢和氧 359 00:22:04,280 --> 00:22:08,520 so those clouds are superheated water vapour. 所以这些白气就是高温的水蒸气 360 00:22:11,760 --> 00:22:15,080 Nearly there. We are within seconds of a successful test. 快到了。我们离成功的测试完成只有几秒钟的时间 361 00:22:30,160 --> 00:22:34,560 And the silence is suddenly deafening. 寂静突然得让人无所适从 362 00:22:34,560 --> 00:22:36,600 That is the end of the test. 那就是测试结束了 363 00:22:36,600 --> 00:22:42,440 We've had official word that that was 510 seconds of good firing. 官方消息说那是510秒的成功点火 364 00:22:42,440 --> 00:22:46,360 This is an RS25 engine working the way that it should work. 这是一个RS25发动机应该的工作方式 365 00:22:46,360 --> 00:22:51,960 All-essential step on the road to the next generation of mission. 所有这些都是迈向下一代使命的关键一步 366 00:22:58,960 --> 00:23:01,960 At the start of the moon programme,Nasa faced a problem, 在月球计划开始时，美国宇航局曾面临一个问题， 367 00:23:01,960 --> 00:23:06,080 because the giant Saturn V rockets are assembled 因为巨大的土星五号火箭组装完成 368 00:23:06,080 --> 00:23:08,600 in that building,the vehicle assembly building, 在那个建筑里，巨大的装配车间 369 00:23:08,600 --> 00:23:11,880 and they have to be carried from there to the launchpad, 他们必须从那里被运到发射台， 370 00:23:11,880 --> 00:23:14,800 which is over there,about three and a half miles 在那边，大约三英里半 371 00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:17,480 in that direction,over Florida swampland. 在那个方向，越过佛罗里达沼泽地 372 00:23:17,480 --> 00:23:21,840 And the solution they came up with was to construct the largest 他们想出的解决方案是建造当时最大的 373 00:23:21,840 --> 00:23:26,360 self-powered vehicle ever constructed at the time. 自行走火箭运输平台 374 00:23:26,360 --> 00:23:29,440 And it's this.It's called the crawler. 就是这个。它的名字叫爬虫 375 00:23:32,200 --> 00:23:35,520 After Apollo,the crawlers were refitted... 在阿波罗之后，爬虫重新组装 376 00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:41,400 ..to continue their iconic role of transporting the space shuttle. …继续它们运输航天飞机的标志性功能 377 00:23:43,040 --> 00:23:47,120 A task they've performed for 135 missions. 执行过135次任务 378 00:23:50,760 --> 00:23:54,240 And in a couple of years,they are due to begin work again 再过几年，它们又要开始工作了 379 00:23:54,240 --> 00:23:57,880 carrying the SLS rocket on the first step of its eventual 完成SLS火箭发射前的搬运工作 380 00:23:57,880 --> 00:23:59,760 journey back to the moon. 踏上重返月球的第一步 381 00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:07,080 I'm under the belly of the beast with crawler project manager 我在巨兽的肚子下面，和爬虫项目经理在一起 382 00:24:07,080 --> 00:24:09,240 John Giles.Hello, John, how are you? 约翰·吉尔斯。你好，约翰，你好吗？ 383 00:24:09,240 --> 00:24:11,560 I'm fine.This is an incredible machine. 我很好。这是一台不可思议的机器 384 00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:14,320 Do you think of this as a car or a tank or what? 你的印象里，觉得这是车还是坦克什么的？ 385 00:24:14,320 --> 00:24:17,360 A cross between a tank, 杂合体，有坦克 386 00:24:17,360 --> 00:24:20,120 a ship, a locomotive. 船，火车 387 00:24:20,120 --> 00:24:22,200 It's a lot of pieces of equipment involved. 这涉及到很多设备 388 00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:24,280 It's a fairly unique piece of hardware. It's very unique. 这是相当独特的硬件。它非常独特 389 00:24:24,280 --> 00:24:27,480 But it is slightly complicated,the fact that even though this looks 而且它有点复杂，事实上，即使这任务看起来 390 00:24:27,480 --> 00:24:30,760 lovely and flat, most of the journey isn't done completely flat. 简单和平坦，实际上大半旅程并不是完全平坦的 391 00:24:30,760 --> 00:24:34,040 That's true.It would be wonderful if it was flat the whole way, 没错。如果整条路都是平的，那就太好了， 392 00:24:34,040 --> 00:24:37,520 but these river rock that we ride on are very uneven, 但我们所走过的这些河岩很不平坦 393 00:24:37,520 --> 00:24:40,200 and then once we go up the elevation to the pad, 当我们要爬上平台那里的时候 394 00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:43,240 then we're obviously going up a five degree incline. 很显然有5°的爬坡 395 00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:45,640 OK, so hang on, I'm sorry,a five degree incline with a rocket 好，打断一下，对不起，5°的坡，还带着火箭 396 00:24:45,640 --> 00:24:49,160 on top is pretty severe.That's absolutely correct. 那可是很严重。那是绝对准确的说法 397 00:24:49,160 --> 00:24:52,240 So, what we do is we have a levelling system on board, 所以，我们要做的是在平台上安装一个调平系统， 398 00:24:52,240 --> 00:24:54,760 and any time the crawler gets out of level, 每当爬虫不在水平面， 399 00:24:54,760 --> 00:24:57,360 and it senses that,we will automatically send 探测到的时候，我们会自动传送 400 00:24:57,360 --> 00:24:59,800 hydraulic fluid to one of the corners there, 液压油到一个角落， 401 00:24:59,800 --> 00:25:02,240 one of our jacking equalisation and levelling cylinders, 我们的平衡千斤顶和调平气缸 402 00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:03,880 and we'll bring that side up and down, 我们会把那一面上下移动， 403 00:25:03,880 --> 00:25:05,520 so we stay level all the time. 所以我们一直保持水平 404 00:25:05,520 --> 00:25:07,760 How much of a give can you possibly have? 这有多少误差？ 405 00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:11,800 How much can you be off? Oh, it's.it's in the very small inch range. 你能误差多少？哦，是...在很小的英寸范围内 406 00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:14,680 An inch? Yes. I'm sorry, in this entire area here, will no more, 1英寸？对。我还不太清楚，在这整个区域，不会再多， 407 00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:17,440 at any time, be an inch higher on one side than the other? 在任何时间，两侧之间的高度差只有1英寸以内？ 408 00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:20,960 An inch or two is what we strive for. Wow, that's incredible. 一两英寸就是我们的目标。哇，太不可思议了 409 00:25:20,960 --> 00:25:23,760 And the other thing, of course,often it isn't the rocket 还有一件事，当然，经常不单单是火箭 410 00:25:23,760 --> 00:25:26,240 itself that it's carrying,but it's also carrying the rocket 在这个平台上运送，同火箭一同运送的 411 00:25:26,240 --> 00:25:28,320 and the launchpad. So, yes. 还有发射台。是，是的。 412 00:25:28,320 --> 00:25:30,480 We'll either carry,like, during the shuttle days, 我们还会运送，像是，在航天飞机的年代 413 00:25:30,480 --> 00:25:33,080 we would carry a mobile launch platform, with a shuttle on top. 我们运送一个移动发射平台，上面有一架航天飞机 414 00:25:33,080 --> 00:25:35,360 But for the new programme,for the new SLS programme, 新计划里，新的SLS计划里， 415 00:25:35,360 --> 00:25:38,400 we'll have a mobile launch tower.Yes, and that would be on top of us. 我们会有一个移动发射塔。是的，那会在我们上面 416 00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:41,080 Weighs in 10-11 million pounds. 重达1000-1100万磅 417 00:25:41,080 --> 00:25:43,560 And then we will throw an SLS launch vehicle on top of that. 然后我们会在上面发射一个SLS运载火箭 418 00:25:43,560 --> 00:25:45,320 On top of that, right? 在那个顶上，是吧？ 419 00:25:45,320 --> 00:25:47,960 Is this the easiest way to do this? 这是最简单的解决办法了？ 420 00:25:47,960 --> 00:25:51,240 Or is this a piece of engineering that felt like the easiest way 或者这是一个当时能实施的工程 421 00:25:51,240 --> 00:25:53,480 back in the 1950s and '60s? 回到1950年代和60年代？ 422 00:25:53,480 --> 00:25:55,560 We have been doing it for over 50 years, 我们已经像这样50多年了， 423 00:25:55,560 --> 00:25:58,120 and if there was something better,we would've tried it. 如果有什么更好的办法，我们会用上的 424 00:25:58,120 --> 00:26:02,440 As big as we do things here, we need to do it in a very large way. 我们在这里做的事情很大，我们需要以非常大的方式来做 425 00:26:02,440 --> 00:26:06,680 Yes, you do. When you go to the SLS,will this still be enough, 是的，你需要。当你完成SLS任务的时候，这还够大吗？ 426 00:26:06,680 --> 00:26:08,880 or do you need to...?This is it right here. 或者你需要..？现在这就是 427 00:26:08,880 --> 00:26:10,720 We actually upgraded this. 我们已经升级过了 428 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:13,600 When this was designed back in the 1960s for Apollo, 在20世纪60年代为阿波罗设计时， 429 00:26:13,600 --> 00:26:16,240 we only had to lift 12 million pounds. 我们只用运送1200万磅 430 00:26:16,240 --> 00:26:19,040 So, when they decided we were going to go and transform 所以，当他们决定我们要改型 431 00:26:19,040 --> 00:26:21,600 to SLS, they said, "Well,we have a new requirement for you, 支持SLS，他们说，“我们对你有新的要求， 432 00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:24,320 "it has to work for 18 million pounds." “得支持1800万磅。” 433 00:26:24,320 --> 00:26:29,600 So we spent three to four years modifying the bearings, 所以我们花了三到四年的时间调整轴承， 434 00:26:29,600 --> 00:26:32,760 our hydraulic cylinders,our gel system. 我们的液压缸，我们的整合系统 435 00:26:32,760 --> 00:26:36,720 We put a new onboard generator,we put new brakes on it. 我们安装了一个新的车载发电机，装了新的刹车 436 00:26:36,720 --> 00:26:39,200 We strengthened the steel inside of our trucks. 我们加固了平台内部的钢材 437 00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:41,400 We did quite a few mods,to make sure it can handle 我们做了很多修改，以确保它能处理 438 00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:43,840 18 million pounds. OK, fair enough. 1800万磅。是的，不错 439 00:26:43,840 --> 00:26:45,440 Thank you very much, John. 非常感谢，约翰 440 00:26:52,560 --> 00:26:55,760 On July 16th, 1969, 1969年7月16日， 441 00:26:55,760 --> 00:26:58,840 just 12 minutes after liftoff, 升空12分钟后， 442 00:26:58,840 --> 00:27:02,120 Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin 阿波罗11号宇航员尼尔·阿姆斯特朗，巴兹·奥尔德林 443 00:27:02,120 --> 00:27:06,160 and Michael Collins entered a new phase of their journey... 和迈克尔·柯林斯进入了他们旅程的新阶段… 444 00:27:08,920 --> 00:27:11,960 ..as they manoeuvred into Earth orbit. …当他们进入地球轨道时 445 00:27:17,760 --> 00:27:20,760 After one and a half laps of the Earth, 绕地球一圈半之后， 446 00:27:20,760 --> 00:27:24,160 they turned the Apollo 11 spacecraft towards the moon, 他们把阿波罗11号登月飞船指向月球， 447 00:27:24,160 --> 00:27:27,280 and began their journey to this alien world. 开始了他们到这个陌生世界的旅程 448 00:27:28,520 --> 00:27:30,760 RADIO: Roger, Houston, Apollo 11. 通话：收到，休斯顿，阿波罗11号 449 00:27:30,760 --> 00:27:33,840 They navigated by the stars, 他们靠星星导航， 450 00:27:33,860 --> 00:27:37,840 in a spacecraft that had less computing power than a mobile phone. 太空船上计算机的能力低于现在的智能手机 451 00:27:39,680 --> 00:27:42,520 For three days,the astronauts lived, 三天里，宇航员们生活， 452 00:27:42,520 --> 00:27:47,760 worked and ate within the six cubic metres of their Apollo capsule. 工作，吃饭都在6立方米的阿波罗飞船里 453 00:27:47,760 --> 00:27:49,840 We've got all kinds of good stuff. 我们有各种各样的好东西 454 00:27:49,840 --> 00:27:52,120 We've got chicken stew here. 这里有炖鸡 455 00:27:52,120 --> 00:27:55,000 All you have to do is three ounces of hot water 你只需要三盎司的热水 456 00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:56,560 for five or ten minutes. 五到十分钟 457 00:27:58,120 --> 00:28:01,840 Neil, Buzz and Michael's lives were entirely in the hands 尼尔、巴兹和迈克尔的生命完全依靠 458 00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:05,280 of the Apollo spacecraft's life-support systems. 阿波罗飞船的生命维持系统 459 00:28:08,520 --> 00:28:12,360 In the next part of the programme,we'll explore what it takes 在节目的下一部分，我们将探讨 460 00:28:12,360 --> 00:28:15,280 to survive in the vacuum of space. 在太空的真空环境生存需要什么 461 00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:21,920 Roger, Houston. Apollo 11, calling in from about 130,000 miles out 收到，休斯顿。阿波罗11号从13万英里外通话 462 00:28:24,720 --> 00:28:28,240 And we'll reveal the latest spacecraft being built right now, 我们将展示目前正在建造的最新太空船， 463 00:28:28,240 --> 00:28:31,680 to make life in space a reality. 使太空载人探索成为现实 464 00:28:36,160 --> 00:28:39,600 We've moved now to the very heart of the Kennedy Space Center. 我们现在已经来到了肯尼迪航天中心的核心地带 465 00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:42,520 Just behind us is the very famous vehicle assembly building. 就在我们后面是非常著名的装配车间 466 00:28:42,520 --> 00:28:45,480 From floor to roof,the highest single storey 从地板到屋顶，是最高的单层高度 467 00:28:45,480 --> 00:28:46,920 in any building in the world. 全世界最高的 468 00:28:46,920 --> 00:28:50,440 At one stage, so huge that clouds would form in the higher 有时候，有云会在较高的地方形成 469 00:28:50,440 --> 00:28:52,600 parts of it, and it would rain down onto it. 这样就应该会下雨 470 00:28:52,600 --> 00:28:54,200 But it had to be that big, didn't it? 不过它必须这么高大，是吧？ 471 00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:57,280 You know, you don't get a sense of the scale of it on telly, 你知道，单从电视上你看不出这有多大 472 00:28:57,280 --> 00:29:01,960 but when I tell you you could fit four Saturn V rockets in there, 但当我告诉你可以在里面装四枚土星V火箭的时候， 473 00:29:01,960 --> 00:29:04,200 and also the space shuttles were assembled in there, 航天飞机也在那里组装， 474 00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:06,960 you get some sense of the scale of the thing. 你知道这到底有多大了 475 00:29:06,960 --> 00:29:09,280 Behind us now is a building that was originally used 现在我们身后是一座曾用过的建筑 476 00:29:09,280 --> 00:29:11,600 for the refurbishing of shuttles between flights. 用于每次飞行前航天飞机的翻新 477 00:29:11,600 --> 00:29:13,400 You can see that from the shape of the door. 从门的形状可以看出来 478 00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:16,200 You can see where the wings would be, coming out of there. 你可以看到翅膀会在哪里，从那里出来 479 00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:19,040 In there, however, now,they're building the next generation of 但是，现在，他们正在建造下一代 480 00:29:19,040 --> 00:29:22,880 American spacecraft, and we have been given unprecedented access 美国太空船，我们得到了前所未有的机会 481 00:29:22,880 --> 00:29:25,320 to look around.Yeah, as the first capsule neared completion, 去看一看。是的，随着第一个太空舱接近完工， 482 00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:29,600 I was allowed in there to a spacecraft assembly line. 我被允许进入太空船装配线 483 00:29:29,600 --> 00:29:32,000 How cool is that?!I'm going to say it again. 有多酷？！我要再强调一遍 484 00:29:32,000 --> 00:29:35,880 A spacecraft assembly line,to see production in action. 一条太空船装配线，直接看装配现场 485 00:29:43,880 --> 00:29:47,240 For almost 40 years,Nasa has been concentrating 近40年来，美国宇航局一直致力于 486 00:29:47,240 --> 00:29:49,840 on missions close to home, 离地球近的任务 487 00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:52,320 like building and running the permanently occupied 比如建造和管理 488 00:29:52,320 --> 00:29:54,280 International Space Station. 国际空间站 489 00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:58,840 Now Nasa's focus is on deep space missions - 现在美国宇航局的重点是深空任务- 490 00:29:58,840 --> 00:30:02,720 flying to the moon and Mars,and hopefully beyond. 飞到月球和火星，甚至计划飞到更远的地方 491 00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:07,160 And the strategy is to subcontract out near-Earth orbit operations 战略是将近地轨道任务分包出去 492 00:30:07,160 --> 00:30:09,800 to commercial companies,and that's why Boeing has built 给了商业公司，这就是为什么波音公司建造这个 493 00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:12,640 this spacecraft factory here at Kennedy. 肯尼迪的太空船工厂 494 00:30:14,480 --> 00:30:18,280 With a contract worth over $4.7 billion, 合同价值超过47亿美元， 495 00:30:18,280 --> 00:30:22,200 they've been designing a brand-new spacecraft from scratch 他们从零开始设计了一个全新的宇宙飞船 496 00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:25,880 to fly on top of an Atlas V rocket. 可以用阿特拉斯五号火箭发射 497 00:30:25,880 --> 00:30:28,800 This is Starliner - 这是星际线 498 00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:31,960 Boeing's vision of a new age of space travel. 波音对太空旅行新时代的展望 499 00:30:34,360 --> 00:30:36,200 Lewis.Hi, how are you doing? 刘易斯，嗨，你好吗？ 500 00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:37,400 I'm very good, thank you. 我很好，谢谢。 501 00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:41,280 Lewis Aitchison is the chief engineer for Starliner's 刘易斯·艾奇森是星际线飞船的总工程师 502 00:30:41,280 --> 00:30:43,560 launch and recovery systems. 负责发射和回收系统 503 00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:45,440 It's an incredibly exciting time here. 这是一个非常令人兴奋的时刻 504 00:30:45,440 --> 00:30:50,040 We have two of our test vehicles coming together right now. 我们现在有两个测试舱在一起 505 00:30:50,040 --> 00:30:52,240 Over here, this is our paddleboard test vehicle, 在这里，这是我们的基础测试舱， 506 00:30:52,240 --> 00:30:53,760 also known as Spacecraft 1. 也就是太空舱1号 507 00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:57,320 Spacecraft 2, which isn't here,is out in the factory right now 太空舱2号，不在这里，在外面的工厂里 508 00:30:57,320 --> 00:31:00,200 getting tested in El Segundo,and that's Spacecraft 3. 在埃尔塞贡多进行测试，那是太空舱3号 509 00:31:00,200 --> 00:31:02,200 That'll actually be the first vehicle 那将是第一个太空舱 510 00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:05,680 that we have on the Starliner programme that'll fly in space. 实施我们的星际线计划，在太空飞行 511 00:31:05,680 --> 00:31:08,520 The three Starliner spacecraft currently in production 目前正在生产的三艘星际线飞船 512 00:31:08,520 --> 00:31:10,400 all have different roles. 都有不同的角色 513 00:31:10,400 --> 00:31:14,800 Spacecraft 1 is a stripped-down vehicle that will be used 太空船1号是一个拆解开的飞行器 514 00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:19,400 to test the abort engines that will fire to pull astronauts to safety 测试发射时用的中止引擎可将宇航员推到安全的地方 515 00:31:19,400 --> 00:31:21,840 if there is a problem during launch. 如果发射时火箭出错的话 516 00:31:21,840 --> 00:31:26,160 Spacecraft 2 is a proving ground for construction techniques, 太空船2号是建造技术的试验场， 517 00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:29,600 and will eventually fly the first astronauts. 最终将送第一批宇航员上天 518 00:31:29,600 --> 00:31:32,680 And Spacecraft 3 is nearing completion - 太空船3号即将完工- 519 00:31:32,680 --> 00:31:34,840 it's due to be the first to fly on a mission to 它将第一个执行飞行任务 520 00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:39,560 the International Space Station on an uncrewed test flight in August. 8月份去国际空间站，进行一次非载人的试飞 521 00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:43,280 So this is a great view of the capsule, actually, 这是一个很好的视角，实际上， 522 00:31:43,280 --> 00:31:46,280 because I suppose not many people see it without the outer skin. 因为我想没有多少人看过没有面板的太空舱 523 00:31:46,280 --> 00:31:49,760 You can see the bits,the functioning objects 你可以看到这些小格子，功能模块 524 00:31:49,760 --> 00:31:52,160 in the capsule.Yeah, absolutely. 太空舱结构。是的，当然 525 00:31:52,160 --> 00:31:54,440 So, what's the...? Can you talk us through it? 那么，是什么…？你能告诉我们吗？ 526 00:31:54,440 --> 00:31:56,880 What is the black square there,and the...? 那里的黑方块是什么，还有…？ 527 00:31:56,880 --> 00:32:00,600 Sure, so what you're kind of looking at right now is our window. 当然，你现在看到的是我们的窗户 528 00:32:00,600 --> 00:32:03,960 Off on the other side of the vehicle would be the hatch. 在太空舱的另一边是舱门 529 00:32:03,960 --> 00:32:07,360 You'll see quite a bit of harness for both either avionics 你会看到相当多的线束，无论是航空电子设备 530 00:32:07,360 --> 00:32:09,640 or plumbing for the propulsion system. 还是推进系统的管道系统 531 00:32:09,640 --> 00:32:13,280 Up towards the top, what we would have is our Nasa docking system. 最上面，将安装NASA对接系统 532 00:32:13,280 --> 00:32:15,800 Once you get on orbit, you'll be docking to the Space Station 一旦你进入轨道，你将与空间站对接 533 00:32:15,800 --> 00:32:18,880 up through the top, and that's called the IVA hatch. 就用顶端的系统，叫做IVA舱门 534 00:32:18,880 --> 00:32:24,280 And that's how the astronauts will get in and out of the ISS. 宇航员就是用这个门进出国际空间站的 535 00:32:24,280 --> 00:32:28,080 Their plan is the astronauts will be using that hatch 他们的计划是宇航员将有机会用到那个舱门 536 00:32:28,080 --> 00:32:29,920 within the next 12 months. 就在12个月之内 537 00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:34,440 Boeing's contract with Nasa is to deliver four astronauts 波音与NASA的合同是把4名宇航员 538 00:32:34,440 --> 00:32:37,680 per flight to the International Space Station. 一次送上国际空间站 539 00:32:38,680 --> 00:32:41,520 Preparations are already advanced. 准备工作已经提前 540 00:32:43,400 --> 00:32:47,000 And to find out what it's like to fly the Starliner, 为了知道驾驶星际线飞船是什么感觉， 541 00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:50,440 we sent Doctor Hannah Fry to Houston, Texas. 我们派汉娜·弗莱博士去德克萨斯州休斯顿 542 00:32:53,240 --> 00:32:58,240 Deep within Johnson Space Center is building nine, 约翰逊航天中心深处的9号楼， 543 00:32:58,240 --> 00:33:02,920 where astronauts prepare for space. 宇航员做训练的地方 544 00:33:02,920 --> 00:33:08,160 Since the 1980s, every single Nasa astronaut has walked along 从20世纪80年代开始，美国宇航局的每位宇航员 545 00:33:08,160 --> 00:33:13,720 this floor and climbed into one of these mock-up space vehicles. 都走过这里，爬上了其中某个模拟太空飞行器 546 00:33:13,720 --> 00:33:16,200 And the thousands of hours that they spend in these trainers 他们花在这些训练舱内的数千小时 547 00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:18,920 is absolutely essential. 是绝对必要的 548 00:33:18,920 --> 00:33:22,720 Every procedure has to be practised and perfected 每一个程序都必须加以实践和完善 549 00:33:22,720 --> 00:33:25,120 until it's second nature. 直到成为下意识 550 00:33:25,120 --> 00:33:27,840 And today, I get to have a go. 今天，我要试一下 551 00:33:29,280 --> 00:33:34,360 One of the first people to fly Starliner when it launches in 2020 2020年星际飞船发射升空时，最早驾驶它的人之一 552 00:33:34,360 --> 00:33:37,600 will be astronaut Sunita Williams. 将是宇航员苏尼塔·威廉姆斯 553 00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:43,200 She's a veteran of the space shuttle, and Soyuz capsule. 她是航天飞机和联盟号太空船的老手 554 00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:47,160 I was interested to see if she had a preference. 我想看看她是否有个人偏好 555 00:33:47,160 --> 00:33:48,760 Both are different, right? 两者不一样，对吧？ 556 00:33:48,760 --> 00:33:50,760 The shuttle is like a pick-up truck. 航天飞机就像一辆皮卡 557 00:33:50,760 --> 00:33:53,040 You know, we were in the middle of the construction of the space 你知道，我们当时正在建造空间站 558 00:33:53,040 --> 00:33:55,880 station, and then the Soyuz is more like a little sports car. 联盟号就像小跑车 559 00:33:55,880 --> 00:33:59,280 This will be our newer sports car,so it'll be a lot of fun 这将是我们的新跑车，所以会很有趣 560 00:33:59,280 --> 00:34:00,480 to fly this one. 尝试这个款式 561 00:34:02,160 --> 00:34:04,200 So, first open the hatch. 来，先打开舱门 562 00:34:05,840 --> 00:34:08,280 Right here, and there it is. 就在这里，就在里面了 563 00:34:08,280 --> 00:34:11,960 Put your hands, put your legs,and then put your butt... 你的手，你的腿，然后你的屁股… 564 00:34:11,960 --> 00:34:13,960 ..right over here. OK. …就在这里了。好。 565 00:34:13,960 --> 00:34:15,600 And then scoot yourself right in. 你也进来吧。 566 00:34:15,600 --> 00:34:18,240 Now just keep coming over.Wow. 现在跟着我就行。哇。 567 00:34:18,240 --> 00:34:21,480 It's actually bigger on the inside than it looks. 实际上感觉起来里面比看上去大。 568 00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:28,640 The Starliner can carry up to seven astronauts in relative comfort 这艘星际线飞船可以相对舒适地搭载7名宇航员 569 00:34:28,640 --> 00:34:31,960 How does this compare to the Soyuz when you're inside it? 你在里面了，这和联盟号相比怎么样？ 570 00:34:31,960 --> 00:34:34,480 It's nice to have a big old window right here. 这儿有一扇大窗户真好 571 00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:36,320 Do you not have one in Soyuz? 联盟号没有吗？ 572 00:34:36,320 --> 00:34:39,520 We have little windows on the side,but this is a nice window 我们有小窗户，但这是个很好窗户 573 00:34:39,520 --> 00:34:41,680 where you can actually look at the Space Station 在那里你可以看到空间站 574 00:34:41,680 --> 00:34:43,440 as you're coming close to it. 当你接近它的时候 575 00:34:43,440 --> 00:34:47,600 Soyuz is an amazing spacecraft, but this is a step up. 联盟号是一艘令人惊叹的飞船，但现在这是一个进步 576 00:34:47,600 --> 00:34:51,120 You feel like, also,everything is right in front of you, 感受起来，一切都在你面前， 577 00:34:51,120 --> 00:34:52,640 right where you can reach it. 你可以伸手摸到 578 00:34:52,640 --> 00:34:55,080 It's not spread way out around the cockpit 它没有在驾驶舱周围分布 579 00:34:55,080 --> 00:34:58,040 like the shuttle is.It was extremely huge, 像航天飞机那样。那真是很大的， 580 00:34:58,040 --> 00:35:00,480 and one person couldn't drive it. 一个人不能驾驶 581 00:35:00,480 --> 00:35:03,040 This one actually,one person is supposed to be able 说实话这个呢，一个人应该就能 582 00:35:03,040 --> 00:35:05,960 to do everything, that's all because of the automation that's 完成所有，这都是因为自动化 583 00:35:05,960 --> 00:35:08,800 involved into this very modern spacecraft. 融入这个非常现代的太空船 584 00:35:11,240 --> 00:35:14,320 And how does it feel knowing that you're going to be one 知道你会成为首批成员的其中之一 585 00:35:14,320 --> 00:35:16,520 of the first people to fly this thing? 驾驶这飞船？ 586 00:35:16,520 --> 00:35:18,920 It's cool. It's really exciting. 很酷。真令人兴奋 587 00:35:18,920 --> 00:35:22,000 I mean, I feel very vested in it,and I feel, you know, 我是说，我觉得自己很有归属感，我觉得，你知道， 588 00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:25,400 talking to all the engineers and people and technicians 与这些工程师、人员和技术人员沟通过 589 00:35:25,400 --> 00:35:28,560 who are putting it together,I feel super confident with it, too. 建造这些的人，我对它也非常有信心 590 00:35:28,560 --> 00:35:30,760 So I'm psyched. 所以我很期待 591 00:35:30,760 --> 00:35:34,480 I'm about to find out what it will be like to fly 我要知道飞行会是什么样子 592 00:35:34,480 --> 00:35:38,480 Starliner, in a craft used to train the astronauts. 星际线飞船，在用来训练宇航员的飞船里 593 00:35:38,480 --> 00:35:42,120 One of the critical procedures they must all learn 他们都必须学习的关键程序之一 594 00:35:42,120 --> 00:35:45,800 is how to dock with the ISS. 如何与国际空间站对接 595 00:35:45,800 --> 00:35:50,480 Simulator designer Jim Keil will put me through my paces. 模拟器设计师吉姆基尔会协助我的操作 596 00:35:50,480 --> 00:35:52,880 The first thing we will do is turn on manual control. 我们要做的第一件事是打开手动控制 597 00:35:52,880 --> 00:35:54,480 That's this one up here? Up? 就这一个？向上？ 598 00:35:54,480 --> 00:35:56,720 Yes. It is a live joystick now. 对。现在是可用的操纵杆 599 00:35:56,720 --> 00:35:59,040 You will push it in the direction you want the spacecraft to go. 你会把它推到你想要飞船移动的方向 600 00:35:59,040 --> 00:36:01,400 So if you want to move forward,you're going to push it straight in 所以如果你想往前走，你就直接把它推进去 601 00:36:01,400 --> 00:36:03,240 So let's go ahead and push it straight in. 所以让我们继续，向前推进去 602 00:36:05,080 --> 00:36:09,400 During a real-life docking,both Starliner and the ISS 在真实的对接过程中，星际线飞船和国际空间站 603 00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:14,760 will be hurtling around the Earth at 17,500 miles per hour. 将以每小时17500英里的速度绕着地球疾驰 604 00:36:14,760 --> 00:36:19,680 Under normal circumstances it would be computer-controlled, 在正常情况下它是计算机控制的， 605 00:36:19,680 --> 00:36:24,800 but astronauts must be able to take over if something goes wrong 但是如果出了些什么问题宇航员必须能够接管 606 00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:30,080 This pink circle is your target. OK?So, actually, 这个粉红色的圆圈是你的目标。明白？所以，实际上， 607 00:36:30,080 --> 00:36:34,040 this is quite like you are getting these discrete bursts. 这很像你操纵一次次的喷射 608 00:36:34,040 --> 00:36:35,800 Yes, it is pulses of the thrusters, 是的，是推进器的喷射， 609 00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:38,320 as opposed to pushing the gas pedal on a car. OK. 而不是在车上踩油门。好的 610 00:36:40,040 --> 00:36:46,280 In the past, astronauts were confronted with a mind-boggling 在过去，宇航员们面对着一大堆令人难以想象 611 00:36:46,280 --> 00:36:49,720 array of switches.Apollo and Soyuz had hundreds, 的开关。阿波罗和联盟号有数百个， 612 00:36:49,720 --> 00:36:54,240 and the Space Shuttle had about 3,000. 航天飞机则有3000个 613 00:36:56,240 --> 00:36:59,720 Starliner's cockpit has been simplified, 星际线飞船的驾驶舱简化了， 614 00:36:59,720 --> 00:37:02,560 reducing the number to around 50. 把开关减少到50个左右 615 00:37:03,800 --> 00:37:06,480 Fewer buttons means fewer switches that a crew member 更少的按钮意味着更少的开关需要成员 616 00:37:06,800 --> 00:37:09,480 has to memorise and know how to use. 记住和懂得如何操作 617 00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:11,480 That is fewer distractions while 这样就减少了干扰 618 00:37:11,480 --> 00:37:11,520 they are actually trying to get their job done. 这样就减少了干扰 当他们努力把工作做好的时候 619 00:37:11,520 --> 00:37:14,520 they are actually trying to get their job done. 当他们努力把工作做好的时候 620 00:37:14,520 --> 00:37:18,200 The streamlining of Starliner's cockpit means that I am able 星际线座舱的简洁设计意味着我可以 621 00:37:18,200 --> 00:37:20,140 to control the entire docking process 控制整个对接过程 622 00:37:20,140 --> 00:37:22,440 through a single hand controller. 只用一个控制手柄 623 00:37:24,520 --> 00:37:28,840 And the screens in front of me don't just show me where I am now 我面前的屏幕不只显示我现在的位置 624 00:37:28,840 --> 00:37:32,520 they also show me where I'll be in a few seconds' time... 他们还告诉我几秒钟后我会在哪里… 625 00:37:33,640 --> 00:37:37,080 ..making the docking process more intuitive. …使对接过程更直观 626 00:37:38,320 --> 00:37:42,200 OK, so, we are getting close.Coming up to the 1m mark. 好，已经很近了，我们就快到1米了 627 00:37:42,200 --> 00:37:44,180 Although you are hurtling around 628 00:37:44,180 --> 00:37:47,280 the Earth around 17,500 mph,20,000 kph. 629 00:37:47,280 --> 00:37:49,000 Relative to the Space Station, 630 00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:51,840 we want about, you know, that 4cm,a few inches per second. 631 00:37:51,840 --> 00:37:55,160 That's absolutely mad. Yeah,it's a highly choreographed dance. 真是疯狂。是的，这是一场精心编排的舞蹈 632 00:37:55,160 --> 00:37:57,680 But we'd like to keep both the Space Station and Starliner 但我们想保持空间站和星际飞船 633 00:37:57,680 --> 00:37:59,200 intact when we dock. OK. 对接的时候完好无损，好 634 00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:01,440 All right, when you get to the middle point, 好吧，找到了中间点， 635 00:38:01,440 --> 00:38:03,880 let's go ahead and give it upward pulse. Upward. 让我们继续向前并且向上拨。向上 636 00:38:03,880 --> 00:38:05,200 We have got contact. Ooh! 我们碰上了。喔！ 637 00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:07,560 And capture!Hey, successful docking. 对接了！嘿，对接成功了。 638 00:38:07,560 --> 00:38:10,000 So, how far off was I? 那么，我偏离了多少？ 639 00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:13,080 You were under a centimetre from the centre. 你偏离了不到1厘米 640 00:38:14,480 --> 00:38:17,240 I think that's just an excellent display of skill, then. 我认为那是一种出色的技能展示 641 00:38:17,240 --> 00:38:18,920 I think so. 我同意 642 00:38:18,920 --> 00:38:23,440 Parking's generally not my forte,but I did just manage to dock 停车通常不是我的专长，但我设法对接 643 00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:26,240 at the ISS successfully without mucking it up. 成功地在国际空间站停靠，没有搞砸 644 00:38:26,240 --> 00:38:28,880 So, pretty pleased with myself. 所以，我对自己很满意 645 00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:34,760 Although I suspect it says a lot more about how well 尽管我怀疑它更多地说明了 646 00:38:34,760 --> 00:38:38,840 they've streamlined the controls,and simplified the process to make 他们简化了控制，简化了流程 647 00:38:38,840 --> 00:38:42,680 it instinctive, than it does my skills as an astronaut. 水到渠成，而不是证明我的宇航员天赋 648 00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:55,080 Not only have Boeing worked to make sure that the Starliner is as easy 波音公司不仅努力确保星际线飞船 649 00:38:55,080 --> 00:38:58,840 as possible to pilot,Lewis Aitchison and his team 尽可能容易驾驶，刘易斯·艾奇森和他的团队 650 00:38:58,840 --> 00:39:02,200 have also put a huge effort into designing this spacecraft 也为设计这艘飞船付出了巨大的努力 651 00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:06,480 to be much cheaper to fly than anything that has gone before. 比以前任何飞船都便宜 652 00:39:08,720 --> 00:39:12,760 I think one of the big differences between this and Apollo is reusability 我认为它和阿波罗的一大区别是可复用性 653 00:39:12,760 --> 00:39:15,440 The Apollo capsule, once it flew one time, that was it. 阿波罗飞船，一次飞行定终身 654 00:39:15,440 --> 00:39:19,880 You typically see the Apollo capsules in museums after they were flown 你通常会在博物馆里看到用过的阿波罗飞船 655 00:39:19,880 --> 00:39:23,120 This particular vehicle is designed to fly up to ten times. 这种特殊的飞船设计能飞十次 656 00:39:23,120 --> 00:39:27,160 So, what are the design choices that mean that you can re-use it? 那么，什么样的设计方案决定了你可以复用它？ 657 00:39:27,160 --> 00:39:29,280 The biggest thing is where we land. 最关键的问题是我们降落的地方 658 00:39:29,280 --> 00:39:31,640 So, one of the neat things about this programme, 所以，这个项目的一个精妙之处， 659 00:39:31,640 --> 00:39:34,120 is this will be the first US capsule to land on land. 这将是美国第一艘在陆地降落的飞船 660 00:39:34,120 --> 00:39:37,080 That's a really important design choice, because as you can imagine, 这是一个非常重要的方案设计，因为你可以想象， 661 00:39:37,080 --> 00:39:40,160 saltwater wreaks havoc on electronics, metal, 咸水对电子，金属都有损害 662 00:39:40,160 --> 00:39:41,520 anything it touches, really. 碰到的任何东西，真的 663 00:39:44,040 --> 00:39:48,240 The challenge of landing on solid ground instead of water 在固体地面而不是水上着陆的挑战 664 00:39:48,240 --> 00:39:49,880 is how to soften the impact. 怎样减缓冲击 665 00:39:49,880 --> 00:39:51,680 RADIO: And touchdown. 通话：着陆 666 00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:56,320 The Russian Soyuz capsule uses explosive retro rockets, 俄罗斯联盟号太空舱使用了火箭推动， 667 00:39:56,320 --> 00:39:58,480 that fire just before touchdown 在触地前点火 668 00:39:58,480 --> 00:40:00,680 to reduce the speed at impact. 减缓冲击速度 669 00:40:02,160 --> 00:40:05,160 But Starliner is taking a different approach, 但星际飞机采取了不同的方法， 670 00:40:05,160 --> 00:40:09,080 using a system we're familiar with in cars - airbags. 使用我们熟悉的车内系统-安全气囊 671 00:40:10,840 --> 00:40:14,120 But it's not as simple as just pumping them up. 但这并不是简单的把它们充气 672 00:40:15,720 --> 00:40:19,280 So, here is the Starliner,and it's going to land, 所以，这是星际线飞船，它要着陆了， 673 00:40:19,280 --> 00:40:22,580 and here are two airbags,both at the same pressure at the moment, 这里有两个气囊，现在的压力都一样 674 00:40:22,580 --> 00:40:24,640 and no air can escape. 没有空气可以跑出来 675 00:40:24,640 --> 00:40:27,920 The bungs - the stoppers -are in, if you like. 塞子、瓶塞都塞着，也可以这么说 676 00:40:27,920 --> 00:40:31,160 And so let's drop the spacecraft and see what happens. 让我们扔下飞船看看会发生什么 677 00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:34,200 You see? 看到了？ 678 00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:37,480 If both airbags are inflated,and the gases, 如果两个气囊都充满了气，空气， 679 00:40:37,480 --> 00:40:42,120 which are the oxygen and nitrogen in this case, can't escape, 在这种情况下就是氧气和氮气，跑不出来 680 00:40:42,120 --> 00:40:44,200 then the spacecraft bounces. 然后飞船会反弹 681 00:40:44,200 --> 00:40:48,960 So, the solution to that was have this rather more subtle system, 所以，解决这个问题的办法是一个更微妙的系统， 682 00:40:48,960 --> 00:40:51,680 and the key point is the outer airbag, 关键是外部安全气囊， 683 00:40:51,680 --> 00:40:55,400 the slightly lower-pressure one,is vented. 稍微低一点的压力，是通气的 684 00:40:55,400 --> 00:40:58,280 So now, see what happens when we drop the spacecraft. 现在，看看我们扔下飞船时会发生什么 685 00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:02,360 It lands, and it doesn't bounce. 着陆，并没有弹跳 686 00:41:02,360 --> 00:41:06,160 And that is why this double airbag system is employed. 这就是为什么采用这种双安全气囊系统的原因 687 00:41:08,600 --> 00:41:12,400 Starliner's new landing system has been tested rigorously. 星际线飞船的新着陆系统经过了严格的测试 688 00:41:15,640 --> 00:41:17,800 It's been dropped from cranes... 它是从起重机上扔下来的… 689 00:41:17,800 --> 00:41:18,880 Release! 释放！ 690 00:41:20,880 --> 00:41:22,760 ..dropped into water... 扔进水里 691 00:41:26,240 --> 00:41:28,240 ..dropped at angles... 倾斜着降落 692 00:41:28,240 --> 00:41:31,200 ..even dropped from helicopters …甚至从直升机上扔下来 693 00:41:31,200 --> 00:41:34,160 in an attempt to make every landing 试图每次着陆 694 00:41:34,160 --> 00:41:35,960 as safe as possible. 都尽可能安全 695 00:41:38,520 --> 00:41:41,440 This spacecraft has only got a few months of assembly left. 这艘飞船只剩下几个月的组装时间了 696 00:41:41,440 --> 00:41:44,080 They said it comes together very quickly, actually. 事实上，他们说这很快就会实现 697 00:41:44,080 --> 00:41:46,920 They just have to bolt the panels on and then it will launch 他们只要把面板按上就可以发射了 698 00:41:46,920 --> 00:41:50,200 from here at Kennedy, will fly to the International Space Station, 从肯尼迪飞往国际空间站， 699 00:41:50,200 --> 00:41:52,280 it will dock,then it will return to Earth, 它将停靠对接，然后返回地球， 700 00:41:52,280 --> 00:41:57,280 it will be refurbished, and its next flight will carry a crew into space. 它将被翻新，下一次飞行将搭载一组人员进入太空 701 00:42:02,800 --> 00:42:07,040 Outside the capsule, space is a forbidding, hostile environment. 在太空舱外，太空是一个令人生畏、充满敌意的环境 702 00:42:07,040 --> 00:42:10,160 Everything is constantly bombarded by radiation from the sun. 所有的东西都不断受到太阳辐射的轰击 703 00:42:10,160 --> 00:42:12,600 The tiniest leak in a suit could be fatal. 宇航服上最微小的漏洞都可能会致命 704 00:42:12,600 --> 00:42:16,640 Temperatures veer wildly from 138 degrees in sunlight, 温度急剧变化，在阳光下138度 705 00:42:16,640 --> 00:42:20,040 to -173 degrees in the shade. 在阴影处-173度 706 00:42:20,040 --> 00:42:21,800 It is a tough place. 这是个艰苦的环境 707 00:42:21,800 --> 00:42:24,080 Yet, here on Earth,we're surrounded by air. 现在在地球上，我们被空气包围 708 00:42:24,080 --> 00:42:26,040 It's like sitting in a hot bath. 就像呆在温水浴里 709 00:42:26,040 --> 00:42:28,360 And that protects us from these temperature swings. 保护我们不受温度波动的影响 710 00:42:28,360 --> 00:42:31,600 If the sun goes behind a cloud,we don't immediately freeze. 如果太阳躲在云后面，我们不会立即结冰 711 00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:34,080 But in space, we're not surrounded by anything. 但在太空中，我们没有被任何东西包围 712 00:42:34,080 --> 00:42:38,120 So if you go into the shade,the solar panel, or a space station module, 所以如果你进入阴影处，太阳能电池板，或者空间站的模块， 713 00:42:38,120 --> 00:42:42,440 the temperature swing can be anything up to 300 degrees Celsius. 温度的波动可以达到300摄氏度 714 00:42:46,440 --> 00:42:49,720 Venturing outside the protection of a spacecraft is 在太空船的保护之外冒险 715 00:42:49,720 --> 00:42:52,360 one of the riskiest parts of any mission. 是任何任务中最危险的部分之一 716 00:42:52,360 --> 00:42:56,400 But for routine maintenance,or in case of an emergency, 但是为了日常维护，或者在紧急情况下， 717 00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:59,800 it's something astronauts must prepare for. 宇航员也必须做好准备 718 00:43:01,440 --> 00:43:06,120 So, before their mission, they must all undergo around 400 hours 所以，在他们执行任务之前，他们都必须经历大约400个小时 719 00:43:06,120 --> 00:43:10,080 of spacewalk training in places like the neutral buoyancy tank, 在像中性浮力舱这样的地方进行太空行走训练， 720 00:43:10,080 --> 00:43:14,680 which can get them close to the near weightless conditions of space. 这可以使他们模拟太空中的失重状态 721 00:43:18,360 --> 00:43:21,000 But at Johnson Space Center in Houston, 但在休斯顿的约翰逊航天中心， 722 00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:24,840 they've devised a new way to simulate spacewalks. 他们发明了一种模拟太空行走的新方法 723 00:43:24,840 --> 00:43:27,880 Doctor Kevin Fong has been trying it out. 方凯文博士正在尝试 724 00:43:30,120 --> 00:43:34,960 This is Nasa's most advanced astronaut training device. 这是美国宇航局最先进的宇航员训练设备 725 00:43:35,920 --> 00:43:37,040 Argos. Argos. 726 00:43:38,880 --> 00:43:42,320 The Active Response Gravity Offload System. 主动响应重力卸载系统 727 00:43:42,320 --> 00:43:45,360 It can create the sensation of weightlessness, 它能产生失重的感觉， 728 00:43:45,360 --> 00:43:49,680 so astronauts can practise complex manoeuvres like spacewalks. 所以宇航员可以练习太空行走等复杂的动作 729 00:43:50,880 --> 00:43:53,640 All right, Stell, let's go ahead and enable vertical. 好吧，斯泰尔，让我们开始启用吊绳 730 00:43:53,640 --> 00:43:57,920 Wow, here we go.Now we have liftoff. 哇，开始了。现在我们已经起来了 731 00:43:58,080 --> 00:44:01,240 It's an array of computers,sensors and motors 它是一系列的计算机，传感器和电机 732 00:44:01,240 --> 00:44:04,480 that work together to dial out Earth's gravity. 它们一起工作来削除地球的引力 733 00:44:07,240 --> 00:44:12,520 It's much, much more difficult to control than I imagined. 很难很难控制，比我想象的要难多了 734 00:44:12,520 --> 00:44:14,840 So, you're now in microgravity. 所以，你现在处于微重力状态 735 00:44:14,840 --> 00:44:17,440 To give you a taste of what a real spacewalk might be like, 为了让你体验真正的太空行走是怎样， 736 00:44:17,440 --> 00:44:20,080 I'm going to give you a little bit of a circuit, and your mission 我要给你一条路线，还有你的任务 737 00:44:20,080 --> 00:44:21,720 is to eventually get back here, 最终是回到这里， 738 00:44:21,720 --> 00:44:24,480 and fix this electrical junction box. 把这个接线盒修好 739 00:44:24,480 --> 00:44:28,280 A tiny finger movement like that,I'm going to push on that finger, 一个小小的手指动作，我要按一下手指， 740 00:44:28,280 --> 00:44:31,280 and that's me going,and I'm nearly off that handle. 我就这样动起来，我几乎要失控了 741 00:44:31,280 --> 00:44:33,360 So, let's try and get over there. 所以，我们试着过去 742 00:44:33,360 --> 00:44:36,760 As I try to make my way down the length of the training rig, 当我试着沿着训练台走下去的时候， 743 00:44:36,760 --> 00:44:39,920 every movement I make is picked up by the sensors. 我做的每一个动作都被传感器捕捉到 744 00:44:39,920 --> 00:44:44,080 Motors change the tension of the cables I'm attached to, 电机改变了我连接的缆绳的张力， 745 00:44:44,080 --> 00:44:45,720 neutralising my weight, 抵消我的体重， 746 00:44:45,720 --> 00:44:51,280 so I'm interacting with my surroundings as though I'm in space. 所以我和周围的环境相互作用，就好像我在太空一样 747 00:44:51,280 --> 00:44:54,360 So, all these handrails are very similar to the ones 所以，所有这些扶手都很相似 748 00:44:54,360 --> 00:44:56,920 you'll see up on the Space Station. 和空间站的那些一样 749 00:44:58,200 --> 00:45:01,280 Right. Now I need to get back down. 好了。现在我要下去了 750 00:45:01,280 --> 00:45:03,960 And so, you're expecting gravity to help you here, 这时，你希望地心引力能帮到你， 751 00:45:03,960 --> 00:45:07,840 but there is no gravity.You've cancelled it out, so... 但是没有引力。已经抵消了，所以… 752 00:45:07,840 --> 00:45:11,880 You just... Every movement is you, it's all you. 你只能…每一个动作都是你自己，都靠自己。 753 00:45:11,880 --> 00:45:14,720 Adjusting to weightlessness is difficult. 适应失重状态是困难的 754 00:45:14,720 --> 00:45:18,920 And it's all because of Newton's laws of motion. 这都是因为牛顿运动定律 755 00:45:18,920 --> 00:45:22,720 His first law says that a moving object will keep moving, 他的第一定律是运动的物体会继续运动， 756 00:45:22,720 --> 00:45:25,360 unless something stops it. 除非有什么东西阻止它 757 00:45:25,360 --> 00:45:28,480 On Earth, friction quickly slows things down. 在地球上，摩擦很快就会减慢速度 758 00:45:28,480 --> 00:45:32,440 But in the vacuum of space,there is no friction. 但在太空的真空环境，没有摩擦 759 00:45:32,440 --> 00:45:36,480 So unless there's something to stop me, I just keep moving. 所以除非有什么能阻止我，否则我就继续前进 760 00:45:36,480 --> 00:45:38,800 OK, I'm going to get down. 好吧，我下去 761 00:45:38,800 --> 00:45:40,480 Stop messing around. 不瞎逛了 762 00:45:40,480 --> 00:45:43,600 Just as critical is Newton's third law. 同样重要的是牛顿第三定律 763 00:45:43,600 --> 00:45:48,480 For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. 对于每一个动作，作用力和反作用力总是大小相等 764 00:45:48,480 --> 00:45:51,480 We don't usually notice this effect when we're moving 我们运动时通常不会注意到这种影响 765 00:45:51,480 --> 00:45:53,960 around here on Earth. 在地球上的时候 766 00:45:53,960 --> 00:45:57,400 But in microgravity, even the tiniest action 但在微重力下，即使是最微小的动作 767 00:45:57,400 --> 00:45:59,920 has a knock-on effect on my body. 对我的身体都有连锁反应 768 00:45:59,920 --> 00:46:03,600 Let's get across.OK, I am at the business end. 我们过去吧。好的，我在操作台 769 00:46:03,600 --> 00:46:06,160 Now I'm torn between letting go of the hose, 我左右为难，是松开导管 770 00:46:06,160 --> 00:46:08,320 and letting go of the Space Station, 还是松开空间站 771 00:46:08,320 --> 00:46:11,440 both of which are pretty catastrophic. There you go. 松开哪个手都是灾难性的。好吧，走你 772 00:46:11,440 --> 00:46:14,280 So, I think all the electricity is working again. 好了，我想所有的电路又正常了 773 00:46:14,280 --> 00:46:16,920 Good. All right, well, the Space Station is safe. 很好。好吧，空间站安全了 774 00:46:18,800 --> 00:46:22,160 On a real spacewalk,the greatest fear is becoming 在真正的太空行走中，最大的恐惧是 775 00:46:22,160 --> 00:46:24,800 separated from the Space Station 与空间站分离 776 00:46:24,800 --> 00:46:27,040 and being lost in space. 迷失在太空中 777 00:46:30,680 --> 00:46:34,240 It might be difficult to understand how easy this is to get wrong, 可能很难理解这是多么容易出错， 778 00:46:34,240 --> 00:46:36,440 but if I stop now, I'm gone. 但如果我现在停手，我就飞走了 779 00:46:36,440 --> 00:46:40,600 And the thing is about space is,you fall off, and you fall forever. 关于太空的问题是，你掉了，就会永远掉下去 780 00:46:40,600 --> 00:46:42,240 Just keep floating. 永远飘下去 781 00:46:43,520 --> 00:46:46,760 Making mistakes has huge consequences. 犯错误会带来严重的后果 782 00:46:46,760 --> 00:46:48,480 For me, I'm lucky. 对我来说，我很幸运 783 00:46:48,480 --> 00:46:52,640 My friends over there can turn gravity on any time I like. 我那边的朋友可以随时恢复地心引力 784 00:46:52,640 --> 00:46:57,320 But on a real spacewalk,it's a different story. 但在真正的太空行走中，情况就不同了 785 00:46:57,320 --> 00:47:01,560 Astronauts are equipped with a small jetpack, 宇航员装备了一个小型喷气背包， 786 00:47:01,560 --> 00:47:04,440 but its limited fuel means they only have one chance 但有限的燃料意味着他们只有一次机会 787 00:47:04,440 --> 00:47:05,920 to get back. 回来 788 00:47:07,320 --> 00:47:10,040 If that failed,they would keep drifting, 如果失败了，他们会继续飘泊， 789 00:47:10,040 --> 00:47:13,960 until their spacesuit'slife-support systems shut down, 直到他们宇航服的生命支持系统停止运行， 790 00:47:13,960 --> 00:47:17,200 and their oxygen ran out. 他们的氧气用完 791 00:47:20,560 --> 00:47:25,120 Space is a brutal and unforgiving environment. 太空是一个残酷无情的环境 792 00:47:25,120 --> 00:47:28,000 But we have built a home there. 但是我们在那里建了一个家 793 00:47:28,000 --> 00:47:32,040 The International Space Station is one of the greatest engineering 国际空间站是最伟大的工程之一 794 00:47:32,040 --> 00:47:34,120 achievements of all time. 有史以来的伟大成就 795 00:47:38,960 --> 00:47:44,240 This laboratory has been bringing us new science for over 18 years. 超过18年，这个实验室一直给我们带来新科学 796 00:47:46,080 --> 00:47:50,320 On board, they've studied the effect of microgravity on everything, 在空间站，他们研究了微重力对一切的影响， 797 00:47:50,320 --> 00:47:52,760 from growing plants... 种植植物 798 00:47:52,760 --> 00:47:54,800 ..to the human body. 人体反应 799 00:47:58,680 --> 00:48:01,400 Vital knowledge,if we are to explore 重要的知识，如果我们要探索 800 00:48:01,400 --> 00:48:03,360 the solar system. 整个太阳系 801 00:48:03,360 --> 00:48:07,400 But the Space Station wouldn't exist without one of the most complex 空间站无法建成，如果没有史上最复杂的 802 00:48:07,400 --> 00:48:10,400 spacecraft ever built - 飞船的出现 803 00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:15,000 Nasa's space shuttle,which first launched in 1981. 美国宇航局的航天飞机，首次发射于1981年 804 00:48:17,960 --> 00:48:23,800 Five shuttles flew to space,including this - Atlantis. 五架航天飞机曾飞上太空，其中包括亚特兰蒂斯号 805 00:48:26,360 --> 00:48:29,120 And the presentation of Atlantis here, is, 这艘亚特兰蒂斯展现出来的是 806 00:48:29,120 --> 00:48:31,560 for a machine this size,is nothing short of poetic. 雄伟并且富有诗意，作为这么大的机器来说 807 00:48:31,560 --> 00:48:34,040 Floating here as if in orbit. 像在轨一样漂浮在这里 808 00:48:34,040 --> 00:48:37,240 But still, with all the bumps,scrapes and scorch marks 但是，仍然有很多颠碰、擦伤和烧焦的痕迹 809 00:48:37,240 --> 00:48:40,720 that it would've gained over its 33 exits from Earth, 它从33次离开地球表面的旅程中所收获到的 810 00:48:40,720 --> 00:48:44,000 and moreover its 33 re-entries into Earth's atmosphere. 加上33次重返地球大气层 811 00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:46,400 Yeah, if you think about what this spacecraft did, 是的，如果你想想这艘飞船做了什么， 812 00:48:46,400 --> 00:48:49,240 it re-entered the Earth's atmosphere at about 17,000 mph. 它以每小时17000英里的速度重新进入地球大气层 813 00:48:49,240 --> 00:48:53,260 Those black tiles there would have glowed about 1,600 degrees Celsius, 那里的黑色隔热瓦会达到1600度并发光 814 00:48:53,260 --> 00:48:57,160 as the frictional heating from the atmosphere slowed it down. 来自大气的摩擦减慢了飞船的速度 815 00:48:57,160 --> 00:49:01,400 And we are joined by Nicole Stott,and Nicole spent 104 days in space. 这里是妮可·斯托特，妮可在太空中度过了104天 816 00:49:01,400 --> 00:49:03,440 And you flew on this ship as well, didn't you? 你曾乘这艘飞船飞行，是吗？ 817 00:49:03,440 --> 00:49:05,880 I did. It was my ride home from my first flight. 是的。这是我第一次任务返程时坐的飞船 818 00:49:05,880 --> 00:49:08,480 What's the primary difference between this, obviously 这两者主要的区别是什么，确实有明显 819 00:49:08,480 --> 00:49:12,800 the scale of it, but flying on a shuttle compared to flying on a capsule? 的规模差异，但飞行在航天飞机上和太空舱相比？ 820 00:49:12,800 --> 00:49:16,280 So, the difference is that on Soyuz or some 哦，不同的是在联盟号上 821 00:49:16,280 --> 00:49:19,440 of the new capsules coming along,you're not going to have this, like, 和其他新太空舱，你不会有这个，比如， 822 00:49:19,440 --> 00:49:22,960 ginormous cargo capacity that you did on the space shuttle. 你在航天飞机上的巨大载货量 823 00:49:22,960 --> 00:49:26,840 There are two rubber arms on this shuttle. Yeah. 这架航天飞机有两个机械臂。是的 824 00:49:26,840 --> 00:49:30,280 Yeah, so this one here,the Canada arm, 是的，这里的这个，加拿大机械臂， 825 00:49:30,280 --> 00:49:34,160 is the one we used as like the primary robotic system. 是我们当时所用的主要的机器人系统 826 00:49:34,160 --> 00:49:36,720 So, like the big crane on the space shuttle, 所以，就像航天飞机上的大起重臂， 827 00:49:36,720 --> 00:49:38,800 and it could grab things and move stuff around. 它可以抓起东西并四处移动 828 00:49:38,800 --> 00:49:41,760 We would have a special attachment that you could stick your feet in 我们会有一种特殊的附件，你可以把脚固定上去 829 00:49:41,760 --> 00:49:44,840 and move around, and that was one of the most surreal things 四处移动，那是最神奇的事情之一 830 00:49:44,840 --> 00:49:47,560 that I got to do on my mission was I got to grab this, 我要做的就是抓住箱子， 831 00:49:47,560 --> 00:49:50,160 what, on the ground, would have been like 800lb, 在地面上，大概800磅重， 832 00:49:50,160 --> 00:49:53,200 you know, box, off the end of the station, 你知道，箱子，从空间站那边拿过来， 833 00:49:53,200 --> 00:49:56,080 and then I got flown down into the payload bay, 然后我飞到了载荷舱， 834 00:49:56,080 --> 00:50:00,360 kind of the back end of the space shuttle, to put it in there. 就是航天飞机的后端，放在里面 835 00:50:00,360 --> 00:50:03,440 I never felt like I was moving.It was like I was standing still 我从来没有感觉自己在动，就好像我站在那里静止 836 00:50:03,440 --> 00:50:06,720 on the ground, and the shuttle moved out of view, 站在地上，而航天飞机飘离了视线 837 00:50:06,720 --> 00:50:08,600 Earth moved into the view,station... 地球飘过来，还有空间站 838 00:50:08,600 --> 00:50:12,760 I mean, it was like everything was revolving around me, as it does,but... 我是说，像是一切都围绕着我转，但… 839 00:50:12,760 --> 00:50:18,240 Just the most peaceful, try not to fall asleep, kind of thing. 这是最最平静的时刻，尽量不要睡着，就是这样 840 00:50:18,240 --> 00:50:21,640 What was it like landing in this?Because it's very different. 着陆是什么感觉？因为这很不一样 841 00:50:21,640 --> 00:50:23,880 Capsules obviously come down, they burn up, 太空舱很明显是往下掉，然后烧起来， 842 00:50:23,880 --> 00:50:26,880 and then there's a big thunderous impact at some point. Yeah. 在某个时刻会有巨大的雷鸣般的冲击。是的 843 00:50:26,880 --> 00:50:30,360 It was just this graceful, peaceful, 就是这样优雅，平和， 844 00:50:30,360 --> 00:50:33,560 like, movement back to the ground, 比如，回到地面的那一段飞行， 845 00:50:33,560 --> 00:50:36,480 and then, you know, I always joke,that the way human beings 然后，你知道，我总是开玩笑，人类 846 00:50:36,480 --> 00:50:38,360 should land coming home from space, 从太空返回家园的方式就该这样， 847 00:50:38,360 --> 00:50:41,800 with that little chirp on the runway, and the roll-out to wheel stop. 在跑道上有那么一点点的唧唧声，然后轮胎滚一会儿停下了 848 00:50:41,800 --> 00:50:46,760 You know, it's just this really peaceful, graceful thing,coming home. 你知道，回家就该是这样一件非常平和优雅的事情 849 00:50:48,040 --> 00:50:51,160 Nasa's plan now looks to me like the moon, 在我看来，美国宇航局的计划现在就是月球， 850 00:50:51,160 --> 00:50:52,960 and then perhaps onward to Mars. 然后可能是火星 851 00:50:52,960 --> 00:50:56,640 I'm a moon person. I love the fact that we're looking at the moon, 我是个月球控。我喜欢我们看着月球的感觉， 852 00:50:56,640 --> 00:50:59,040 this, you know, kind of naturally purpose-built 你知道，月球就像是天生的 853 00:50:59,040 --> 00:51:01,640 space station in space for us already, 空间站已经为我们准备好， 854 00:51:01,640 --> 00:51:04,920 as a destination that's not just a destination, 作为一个不仅仅是目的地的目标， 855 00:51:04,920 --> 00:51:07,520 but a place where we'll have a permanent settlement there. 在那里我们可以永久定居 856 00:51:07,520 --> 00:51:10,000 So, the moon, it may be the moon next. 所以，月球，下一次任务就是月球了 857 00:51:10,000 --> 00:51:12,360 I would love to go to the moon,yeah! 我很想去月球，耶！ 858 00:51:12,360 --> 00:51:14,960 Who wouldn't love to go to the moon?I mean, really! 谁不想去月球呢？我说，认真的！ 859 00:51:14,960 --> 00:51:17,520 Mars not so much, I think,but the moon, yeah, yeah. 没那么想去火星，我想，但是月球，是的，是的 860 00:51:17,520 --> 00:51:20,000 I mean, I'm just saying,I'm very busy... 我的意思是，我就是想说，我一直很忙... 861 00:51:20,000 --> 00:51:23,000 Yeah. Mars is a bit of a commitment! 是。火星就作为一个承诺吧！ 862 00:51:23,000 --> 00:51:24,640 Nicole, a pleasure,thank you very much. 妮可，很高兴，也非常感谢 863 00:51:24,640 --> 00:51:26,440 Thank you very much. Appreciate it. 非常感谢你。谢谢 864 00:51:26,440 --> 00:51:29,320 Now, one thing that hasn't changed since the Apollo missions 现在，有一件事自阿波罗任务以来没有改变 865 00:51:29,320 --> 00:51:32,360 is the need to keep astronauts in peak physical condition, 需要让宇航员保持最佳的身体状态， 866 00:51:32,360 --> 00:51:34,400 and food is a huge part of that. 食物是其中很重要的部分 867 00:51:34,400 --> 00:51:38,600 But what's served to them and how it's served has changed dramatically. 但提供的食物和提供的方式已经发生了巨大的变化 868 00:51:38,600 --> 00:51:42,080 We sent Kevin Fong to Houston to find out what's on the menu. 我们派方凯文去休斯顿看看菜单上有什么 869 00:51:45,800 --> 00:51:50,000 The Space Food Systems Laboratory at Nasa's Johnson Space Center 美国宇航局约翰逊航天中心的太空食品系统实验室 870 00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:54,280 is possibly the most exclusive kitchen in the world. 可能是世界上最高级的厨房 871 00:51:54,280 --> 00:51:58,120 Here, they use unique cooking methods to prepare meals 在这里，他们用独特的烹饪方法做饭 872 00:51:58,120 --> 00:52:03,920 for just six people,that cost over £5,000 each. 仅仅6个人，每个人就花5000多英镑 873 00:52:03,920 --> 00:52:07,480 Ryan Dowdy is the Food Systems Manager Ryan Dowdy是食品系统经理 874 00:52:07,480 --> 00:52:10,120 for the International Space Station. 为国际空间站提供食物 875 00:52:11,760 --> 00:52:15,600 We can't do any cooking like this in space.Tell me why. 我们不能在太空进行这样的烹饪。告诉我为什么 876 00:52:15,600 --> 00:52:18,880 There's no cooking in space,and the reason for that is 太空中没有烹饪，原因是 877 00:52:18,880 --> 00:52:21,080 because space is a very controlled environment. 因为在太空中都是受严格控制的环境 878 00:52:21,080 --> 00:52:23,120 If they have hot water floating around inside 如果里面有热水飘飞 879 00:52:23,120 --> 00:52:25,840 the International Space Station,someone's going to get burned, 在国际空间站里面，有人会被烫伤， 880 00:52:25,840 --> 00:52:28,400 or the electronics equipment is going to get messed up. 或者电子设备会被搞坏 881 00:52:28,400 --> 00:52:31,040 That's why all the cooking we do for space happens right here. 这就是为什么我们在这里为太空做烹饪 882 00:52:33,120 --> 00:52:36,160 They've been preparing food for space 他们在休斯顿为太空准备食物已经超过50年了 883 00:52:36,160 --> 00:52:38,560 here in Houston for well over 50 years. 884 00:52:38,560 --> 00:52:43,880 John Glenn became the first American to dine in orbit in 1962. 1962年约翰·格伦成为第一个在地球轨道上用餐的美国人 885 00:52:43,880 --> 00:52:46,480 His modest meal was a sugar tablet, 他那简单的一餐是一片糖片， 886 00:52:46,480 --> 00:52:49,920 water, and a tube of apple sauce. 水和一管苹果酱 887 00:52:51,600 --> 00:52:55,440 The duration of Glenn's mission was less than five hours, 格伦的任务不到五个小时， 888 00:52:55,440 --> 00:52:57,840 so his life didn't depend upon it. 所以他的生命并不依赖于食物 889 00:52:59,280 --> 00:53:01,200 Oh, excellent. 哦，太好了 890 00:53:01,200 --> 00:53:05,840 But today's missions to the Space Station can last up to a year. 但是现在的空间站任务可以持续一年 891 00:53:05,840 --> 00:53:09,920 And that means astronaut food needs to be nutritious, 这意味着宇航员的食物需要有营养， 892 00:53:09,920 --> 00:53:12,280 and made safe to eat in space. 在太空中可安全食用 893 00:53:13,560 --> 00:53:16,320 So, Ryan, very noisy in here. 所以，瑞安，这里很吵 894 00:53:16,320 --> 00:53:19,600 And inside this machine,you've got the most elaborately 在这台机器里，你有了最精心 895 00:53:19,600 --> 00:53:22,680 prepared porridge and raisins I've ever seen. 准备的粥和葡萄干 896 00:53:22,680 --> 00:53:24,880 This is where we freeze-dry food to send up 这是我们生产冻干食品的地方 897 00:53:24,880 --> 00:53:27,160 to the International Space Station. 送到国际空间站 898 00:53:27,160 --> 00:53:29,920 First we freeze it,and then we pull a vacuum on it, 我们先把它冷冻，然后抽真空， 899 00:53:29,920 --> 00:53:32,280 so all the water molecules are a solid, 所以所有的水分子都是固体， 900 00:53:32,280 --> 00:53:34,480 and they evaporate out into a gas. 然后蒸发成气体 901 00:53:34,480 --> 00:53:37,160 So it pulls all the moisture out of the foods in about 所以它把食物中的水分抽出来 902 00:53:37,160 --> 00:53:40,520 a week-long process.Foods are about 90% water, 花一周时间。食物中90%是水分， 903 00:53:40,520 --> 00:53:43,720 so you see about a 90% weight reduction in the food 所以你看到食物的重量减少了90% 904 00:53:43,720 --> 00:53:45,200 as it's freeze-dried. 这就是冻干食品 905 00:53:45,200 --> 00:53:48,640 And so this isn't fundamentally about making the food cold, 所以这根本不是为了让食物变冷， 906 00:53:48,640 --> 00:53:51,880 it's about making it dry and removing the moisture, 是让它变干并去除水分， 907 00:53:51,880 --> 00:53:53,920 so that doesn't allow any bacteria to grow. 所以不再有细菌生长 908 00:53:53,920 --> 00:53:55,680 It's pulling the water out of it, 它把水抽出来， 909 00:53:55,680 --> 00:53:58,800 so the food can last a long time at room temperature. 所以食物在室温下可以保存很长时间 910 00:53:58,800 --> 00:54:02,640 So, the key to stabilising food for space is reducing the risk 所以，稳定保存太空食品的关键是降低 911 00:54:02,640 --> 00:54:06,920 of bacterial growth,while keeping its nutritional value. 细菌生长的风险，并保持其营养价值 912 00:54:09,160 --> 00:54:12,640 In space, the amount of weight that the bones must support 在太空中，骨骼承受的重量 913 00:54:12,640 --> 00:54:17,080 is reduced to almost zero,and this causes them to weaken. 几乎为零，这导致它们变弱 914 00:54:17,080 --> 00:54:22,320 So a diet containing calcium and vitamin D is even more important 因此，含有钙和维生素D的饮食更为重要 915 00:54:22,320 --> 00:54:25,800 than on Earth, to help maintain bone strength. 与在地球上相比，可以保持骨骼的力量 916 00:54:25,800 --> 00:54:29,360 Low gravity can also reduce the number of astronauts' 低重力也可以减少宇航员的 917 00:54:29,360 --> 00:54:33,480 oxygen-carrying red blood cells,so they don't need as much iron 携带氧气的红细胞的数量，因此他们不需要那么多的铁 918 00:54:33,480 --> 00:54:35,160 in their diet. 在他们的饮食里 919 00:54:35,160 --> 00:54:38,080 Excess iron can cause nausea and vomiting, 过量的铁会引起恶心和呕吐， 920 00:54:38,080 --> 00:54:42,520 and, if left unchecked,could damage the liver and heart. 如果不加以控制，可能会损害肝脏和心脏 921 00:54:45,560 --> 00:54:48,960 So, carefully tailored nutrition is essential. 所以，精心定制的营养必不可少 922 00:54:48,960 --> 00:54:51,640 But what about the flavour? 但是味道呢？ 923 00:54:51,640 --> 00:54:54,480 One of the crew-member favourites is the shrimp cocktail. 宇航员最喜欢的食物之一是鸡尾冷虾 924 00:54:54,480 --> 00:54:58,720 Let's give it a try.OK... OK. 我们尝一下。好，好的 925 00:54:58,720 --> 00:55:03,800 So, what we're going to do here is take 75 ml of cold water, 好，我们要做的是加75毫升冷水， 926 00:55:03,800 --> 00:55:08,480 so the freeze-dried shrimp will take the water, 冻干的虾会吸收水， 927 00:55:08,480 --> 00:55:10,520 become reconstituted. 重新恢复原状 928 00:55:10,520 --> 00:55:13,960 Let's give it a go.So, scissors across here. 让我们试试。来，剪刀在这里 929 00:55:13,960 --> 00:55:17,600 There's a bit of me that's a little bit hesitant about this! 我还是感觉有点犹豫！ 930 00:55:21,480 --> 00:55:23,280 Mmm！ 呣！ 931 00:55:23,280 --> 00:55:25,400 That is actually pretty good. 真是太好吃了。 932 00:55:25,400 --> 00:55:29,400 Tastes like shrimp cocktail.Mmm. It has got a bit of a kick. 尝起来像鸡尾冷虾。带点辣味 933 00:55:29,400 --> 00:55:32,040 You can taste the horseradish in that. Mm-hm. 你可以尝尝里面的辣根。呣呣 934 00:55:32,040 --> 00:55:34,520 I remember the astronaut crews saying that they like stuff 我记得宇航员说他们喜欢 935 00:55:34,520 --> 00:55:38,480 with a bit of heat,because they have trouble tasting 有点辣，因为他们有点困难尝到 936 00:55:38,480 --> 00:55:41,000 anything, really, in orbit,because the fluid shifts 任何味道，真的，在轨道上，因为体液移动 937 00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:44,040 into their head, makes their noses a bit stuffy, 向上到脑袋里，让他们的鼻子有点闷， 938 00:55:44,040 --> 00:55:46,400 you know, makes you feel the way you do when you have a cold, 你知道，当你感冒的时候你的那种感觉， 939 00:55:46,400 --> 00:55:49,080 so, sometimes tasting the food is a bit difficult. 所以，有时品尝食物有点难度 940 00:55:49,080 --> 00:55:52,160 That's right. Hot sauce, wasabi and horseradish 这是正确的。辣酱芥末辣根 941 00:55:52,160 --> 00:55:54,680 are all perennial favourites. 都是常年的宠儿 942 00:55:54,680 --> 00:55:56,640 These are great,because they interact 它们很棒，因为它们作用于 943 00:55:56,640 --> 00:55:58,680 with the trigeminal nerve in the mouth, 嘴里的三叉神经， 944 00:55:58,680 --> 00:56:01,480 and they don't have to pass into the nose to be perceived. 它们不必通过鼻子就能被品味到 945 00:56:01,480 --> 00:56:04,760 I am impressed with your cooking skills. This is really good stuff. 你的厨艺给我留下了深刻的印象。这真是美味 946 00:56:04,760 --> 00:56:06,080 Glad you like it. 很高兴你喜欢 947 00:56:16,240 --> 00:56:18,560 Food might seem like a very small consideration 食物似乎是一个很小的问题 948 00:56:18,560 --> 00:56:21,560 when you're looking at rockets and radiation, 当你考虑到火箭和辐射时， 949 00:56:21,560 --> 00:56:24,360 but if we're going to go to the moon and beyond to Mars, 但是如果我们要去月球和更远的火星， 950 00:56:24,360 --> 00:56:26,560 we're going to have to get this right, 我们得把这件事做好， 951 00:56:26,560 --> 00:56:28,400 because the comfort that it brings, 因为它带来的安慰， 952 00:56:28,400 --> 00:56:31,360 the boost to the crew's morale is all-important. 提高全体队员的士气是非常重要的 953 00:56:31,360 --> 00:56:35,240 If we want to keep our astronauts healthy in body and mind, 如果我们想让宇航员身心健康， 954 00:56:35,240 --> 00:56:38,400 getting the science of this right is going to be as essential 在食物方面做到科学合理也将是相当重要 955 00:56:38,400 --> 00:56:40,520 as any other life-support system. 和其他的生命支持系统一样 956 00:56:46,400 --> 00:56:49,120 Over the course of the programme,we have examined the difficulties 在整个任务的过程中，我们审视了各种困难 957 00:56:49,120 --> 00:56:50,840 of lifting off from Earth 从离开地球开始 958 00:56:50,840 --> 00:56:54,280 and the perils of travelling through space. 以及穿越太空的很多危险 959 00:56:54,280 --> 00:56:57,760 But for the Apollo 11 astronauts,Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, 但是对于阿波罗11号的尼尔·阿姆斯特朗和巴兹·奥尔德林， 960 00:56:57,760 --> 00:57:01,040 the most challenging part of the mission was yet to come - 任务中最具挑战性的部分尚未到来- 961 00:57:01,040 --> 00:57:03,840 exploring a world no-one had ever set foot on. 探索一个无人涉足的世界 962 00:57:09,640 --> 00:57:11,400 RADIO: Eagle, everything looks good. 通话：老鹰，一切看起来都很好 963 00:57:11,400 --> 00:57:14,200 Eagle, Houston, everything's looking good here, over. 老鹰，休斯敦，这里一切都很好 964 00:57:15,840 --> 00:57:21,240 At 5:44 on the afternoon of the 20th of July 1969, 1969年7月20日下午5点44分， 965 00:57:21,240 --> 00:57:23,760 the lunar lander, carrying Neil and Buzz, 搭载尼尔和巴兹的登月舱， 966 00:57:23,760 --> 00:57:27,400 undocked from the Apollo command module. 脱离了阿波罗指挥舱 967 00:57:27,400 --> 00:57:29,640 Leaving Michael Collins in orbit, 把迈克尔·柯林斯留在轨道上， 968 00:57:29,640 --> 00:57:32,080 the lander began its journey to the moon's surface. 登月舱开始了它的月球之旅 969 00:57:33,520 --> 00:57:34,560 Roger, copy. 明白，收到 970 00:57:35,960 --> 00:57:38,440 Back in mission control in Houston, 在休斯顿的任务控制中心， 971 00:57:38,440 --> 00:57:43,680 Charlie Duke was helping guide the Apollo 11 team in his role as Capcom. 查理·杜克作为地面通讯在指导阿波罗11号团队 972 00:57:44,880 --> 00:57:46,320 Go ahead, copy, over. 继续，收到，完毕 973 00:57:49,760 --> 00:57:53,600 Capcom is an acronym - capsule communicator - Capcom这个词是缩写，太空舱联络官 974 00:57:53,600 --> 00:57:56,480 and it's the only person in mission control 是在任务控制中唯一的人 975 00:57:56,480 --> 00:57:59,000 that can actually talk to the crew. 与任务团队交流的 976 00:57:59,000 --> 00:58:02,960 We are go flight. OK, we are go.We are go, same type, we are go. 我们准备就绪。好的，我们就绪。我们就绪。 977 00:58:02,960 --> 00:58:08,440 And it's always an astronaut,because the idea is you are thinking 这个角色就是宇航员，因为你应该思考 978 00:58:08,440 --> 00:58:13,560 in this same kind of operational vein that the crew is. 保持与任务团队同样的操作思路和想法 979 00:58:13,560 --> 00:58:15,240 Can you talk to us about that landing? 能告诉我们那次降落的细节吗？ 980 00:58:15,240 --> 00:58:19,000 Because it is safe to say it was more complicated, 可以肯定的是当时很复杂， 981 00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:21,440 the Apollo 11 landing, than it was expected to be. 阿波罗11号的着陆，难度超出了预期 982 00:58:21,440 --> 00:58:24,680 Correct. There was a lot of problems developed. 对的。出现了很多问题 983 00:58:24,680 --> 00:58:26,920 And when they started descent, 当他们开始下降时， 984 00:58:26,920 --> 00:58:30,160 it seemed like the wheels came off,if you will. 问题就好像汽车的轮子跑掉了，可以说 985 00:58:30,160 --> 00:58:33,440 First, we had communication problems, 首先，我们有通讯问题， 986 00:58:33,440 --> 00:58:37,320 then all of a sudden, we had computer warnings, 突然，我们收到了电脑警告， 987 00:58:37,320 --> 00:58:39,320 computer overloads. 电脑过载 988 00:58:39,320 --> 00:58:40,560 Programme alarm. 程序警报 989 00:58:41,600 --> 00:58:45,600 Give us a reading on the 1202 programme alarm. 显示出来是1202程序警报 990 00:58:45,600 --> 00:58:48,040 When I saw that, I said,"We're dead in the water. 当我看到的时候，我说，“我们死翘翘了 991 00:58:48,040 --> 00:58:49,840 "We are not going to make it." "我们没办法完成了" 992 00:58:49,840 --> 00:58:52,520 Roger, we got you,we are go on that alarm. 明白，我们收到了，我们在核实警报 993 00:58:52,520 --> 00:58:55,320 Then we pitched over at 7,000 feet, 然后我们在7000英尺的高空掠过， 994 00:58:55,320 --> 00:58:58,860 and they saw the surface for the first time,and apparently 他们第一次看到月球表面，显然 995 00:58:58,860 --> 00:59:05,320 we had them targeted into a big boulder field,let's call it. 我们把他们引导到一大片石头里，就这样 996 00:59:05,320 --> 00:59:10,720 And so Neil had to level off at 400 or 500 feet above the surface, 所以尼尔必须在离地面400或500英尺的地方保持水平， 997 00:59:10,720 --> 00:59:14,880 and skim along the surface for a mile or two. 沿着月面掠过一两英里 998 00:59:14,880 --> 00:59:17,280 Holding out. 30 seconds, over. 继续。30秒，完毕 999 00:59:19,560 --> 00:59:22,120 And so now, we're approaching minimum fuel, 现在，我们接近最低燃料线， 1000 00:59:22,120 --> 00:59:25,240 they still weren't on the ground,and you can imagine 他们仍然没有降落，你可以想象 1001 00:59:25,240 --> 00:59:28,880 the tension was through the roof in mission control. 在任务控制中心的紧张气氛 1002 00:59:28,880 --> 00:59:30,560 I'd never heard it as quiet, 我从没听过这么安静， 1003 00:59:30,560 --> 00:59:33,360 and I felt like we were all holding our breath. 我觉得当时我们都屏住了呼吸 1004 00:59:33,360 --> 00:59:36,200 I heard Buzz say,"Contact engine stop." 我听到巴兹说，“反推引擎停止” 1005 00:59:36,200 --> 00:59:38,000 And we knew they were on the ground. 我们知道他们已经在月面上 1006 00:59:39,840 --> 00:59:42,280 We copy you down, Eagle. 我们收到了，老鹰 1007 00:59:42,280 --> 00:59:46,440 It's like punching a balloon,and all the air goes out. 就像打爆了一个气球，所有的空气都释放出来了 1008 00:59:46,440 --> 00:59:49,400 And that's the way it felt in mission control. 那就是在任务控制中心的感受 1009 00:59:49,400 --> 00:59:53,200 Houston, Tranquillity Base here,the Eagle has landed. 休斯顿，这里是静海基地，老鹰已经着陆了 1010 00:59:53,200 --> 00:59:56,720 Roger, Tw... Tranquillity,we copy you on the ground. 明白，...静海，我们地面收到了 1011 00:59:56,720 --> 00:59:58,560 You've got a bunch of guys about to turn blue, 这里的一群人要窒息了， 1012 00:59:58,560 --> 01:00:00,560 we're breathing again.Thanks a lot. 我们又能呼吸了，非常感谢 1013 01:00:02,360 --> 01:00:06,080 And I was so excited, I couldn't even say "Tranquillity", 我太激动了，甚至说不出“静海”， 1014 01:00:06,080 --> 01:00:08,760 it came out "Twang". 说出来的是“Twang” 1015 01:00:08,760 --> 01:00:13,480 You do all sound very calm,but were you going, 你听起来很冷静，但你是不是心里在想， 1016 01:00:13,480 --> 01:00:15,000 "What is he doing?"? ‘他在干什么？’ 1017 01:00:15,000 --> 01:00:17,840 Because this was an unexpected manoeuvre at the very last minute. 因为登陆是在最后一刻才成功，始料不及 1018 01:00:17,840 --> 01:00:24,120 Well, I'm convinced now that had we said, "Eagle abort," 好吧，我现在确信，如果我们说，“老鹰中止”， 1019 01:00:24,120 --> 01:00:27,160 there would have been dead silence on the other end, 那边就会有死一般的宁静， 1020 01:00:27,160 --> 01:00:31,080 and it would've later on,"Say again, Houston?" 然后会有通话“请重复，休斯顿？” 1021 01:00:31,080 --> 01:00:33,640 He was going to land. 他还是会着陆 1022 01:00:33,640 --> 01:00:35,120 And I don't blame him. 我也不会怪他 1023 01:00:35,120 --> 01:00:37,560 No, and you would've all done the same. 不，你在那里还会做同样的事 1024 01:00:37,560 --> 01:00:38,760 Yeah, yeah. That's it. 是的，是的，是这样。 1025 01:00:43,440 --> 01:00:46,880 Neil and Buzz spent six hours prepping their spacecraft 尼尔和巴兹花了六个小时准备他们的飞船 1026 01:00:46,880 --> 01:00:48,600 and getting into their spacesuits. 穿上他们的宇航服 1027 01:00:52,480 --> 01:00:55,840 Then came one of the most famous moments in history. 然后是历史上最著名的时刻之一 1028 01:00:58,080 --> 01:01:02,680 Over half a billion people around the world watched and waited 全世界超过5亿人观看并等待 1029 01:01:02,680 --> 01:01:05,360 for Neil to emerge from the lunar lander. 尼尔从登月舱出来 1030 01:01:09,320 --> 01:01:17,320 That's one small step for man...one giant leap for mankind. 这对我来说是一小步,对人类来说却是一大步 1031 01:01:21,160 --> 01:01:27,640 Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins and Neil Armstrong had made history. 巴兹·奥尔德林、迈克尔·柯林斯和尼尔·阿姆斯特朗创造了历史 1032 01:01:32,360 --> 01:01:35,940 It was nearly three years later when Charlie Duke and Apollo 16 差不多三年后查理·杜克和阿波罗16号的 1033 01:01:35,940 --> 01:01:40,120 commander John Young followed in Neil and Buzz's footsteps. 指挥官约翰·杨追随尼尔和巴兹的脚步 1034 01:01:42,760 --> 01:01:44,760 How was your landing on the moon? 你当时登上月球是什么情况？ 1035 01:01:44,760 --> 01:01:48,120 A landing on the moon,in any flight, is dynamic. 每次去登月的旅程都是充满变数的 1036 01:01:48,120 --> 01:01:51,680 John had to really manoeuvre it,it was a very rough landing area. 约翰不得不使出浑身解数，那是一个非常崎岖的着陆区 1037 01:01:51,680 --> 01:01:55,960 Not boulders-wise, but just undulating terrain. 不是巨石的原因，而是起伏的地形 1038 01:01:55,960 --> 01:02:01,040 And so, about 4-5 feet off the moon,he shut the engine down, 所以，在离月球4-5英尺的地方，他关掉了引擎， 1039 01:02:01,040 --> 01:02:05,920 and boom, we hit the ground,and six hours behind schedule, 砰的一声，我们着陆了，比计划晚了六个小时， 1040 01:02:05,920 --> 01:02:09,160 we were on the moon,and I was so excited, 我们在月球上，我很兴奋， 1041 01:02:09,160 --> 01:02:12,560 and I just screamed out, "Oh, Orion is finally here, Houston! 我喊出来：“哦，猎户座终于来了，休斯顿！ 1042 01:02:12,560 --> 01:02:14,080 "Fantastic!" 太棒了！ 1043 01:02:14,080 --> 01:02:18,080 And that was probably the first fantastic of 900 fantastics 那只是900个“太棒了”当中的第一个 1044 01:02:18,080 --> 01:02:20,120 during the next three days. 在之后的3天时间里 1045 01:02:20,120 --> 01:02:22,160 You loved being up on that moon. 你喜欢在月球上的活动 1046 01:02:22,160 --> 01:02:24,000 Oh, yeah, John and I both did. 哦，是的，约翰和我都很喜欢 1047 01:02:24,000 --> 01:02:29,960 We had practised and trained with a camaraderie and a fun personality, 我们以友好和幽默的合作气氛来练习和训练， 1048 01:02:29,960 --> 01:02:32,720 he had a great sense of humour. 他很有幽默感 1049 01:02:32,720 --> 01:02:36,360 And so, we just continued that on the moon. 所以，我们在月球上继续这样表现 1050 01:02:36,360 --> 01:02:41,040 You begin to come alive with the beauty of the moon, 你开始感受到月亮的美丽， 1051 01:02:41,040 --> 01:02:44,880 and the pristine nature of the moon,never touched. 月亮充满活力的本性，从未触及过 1052 01:02:44,880 --> 01:02:48,560 The thought kept occurring to me,nobody's ever stepped here before. 我一直在想，以前没人来过这里 1053 01:02:48,560 --> 01:02:50,400 Very, very exciting. 非常，非常激动 1054 01:02:50,400 --> 01:02:52,040 And you got to drive the rover. 你得开着月球车 1055 01:02:52,040 --> 01:02:55,880 I got to ride the rover.John was the driver, 我是乘客。约翰是司机， 1056 01:02:55,880 --> 01:02:57,680 and my job was to navigate. 我的工作就是导航 1057 01:02:57,680 --> 01:03:00,520 Riding on the moon is rough. 在月球上开车很艰难 1058 01:03:00,520 --> 01:03:02,040 The car bounced a lot. 车颠簸得厉害 1059 01:03:02,040 --> 01:03:06,240 And the back end kept, I call fishtail, like this, 后端总是，我叫摆尾，像这样， 1060 01:03:06,240 --> 01:03:07,680 and one time we spun out - 有一次我们急转弯- 1061 01:03:07,680 --> 01:03:12,000 we went into a little crater,and the car spun around 180 degrees. 我们扎进了一个小坑，车转了180度 1062 01:03:12,000 --> 01:03:15,160 How did you cope in the lower gravity? 在较低的重力下你是如何应对的？ 1063 01:03:15,160 --> 01:03:17,840 My balance wasn't as good as John's, 我的平衡不如约翰的好， 1064 01:03:17,840 --> 01:03:21,000 I had to be a little bit more careful. 我必须小心一点 1065 01:03:21,000 --> 01:03:25,800 I could run right, John could actually jump up, 我跑得还可以，约翰可以跳起来， 1066 01:03:25,800 --> 01:03:29,640 do a split, and go down,and pick up a rock. 岔开腿，蹲下去，捡起一块石头 1067 01:03:29,640 --> 01:03:32,800 And his balance was really good. 他的平衡非常好 1068 01:03:32,800 --> 01:03:35,920 I tried that a couple of times,I never did grab the rock, 我试过几次，都没抓住石头， 1069 01:03:35,920 --> 01:03:39,360 and I fell down a couple of times,so I decided maybe I ought to use 我摔倒过几次，所以我决定也许我应该用 1070 01:03:39,360 --> 01:03:42,600 the shovel to get my rocks up. 铲子把我的石头铲起来 1071 01:03:42,600 --> 01:03:45,240 Can the training prepare you for that experience? 训练能让你为月球经历做好准备吗？ 1072 01:03:45,240 --> 01:03:47,680 Is it radically different to what you'd expected? 这和你预期的完全不同吗？ 1073 01:03:47,680 --> 01:03:50,720 The training gave you the mechanics of it, 训练给了你技术， 1074 01:03:50,720 --> 01:03:53,960 but not the wonder of it.Not the excitement of it. 但给不了你对月球的期待，也不是激动 1075 01:03:53,960 --> 01:03:56,400 Not the awe of it. 不是对月球的惊叹 1076 01:03:56,400 --> 01:04:00,080 I mean, you're standing on the moon,and you are looking at the horizon, 我是说，你站在月球上，看着地平线， 1077 01:04:00,080 --> 01:04:02,960 and you look up in this blackness of space, 你仰望黑暗虚无的太空 1078 01:04:02,960 --> 01:04:05,560 you can't do that on Earth. 在地球上你体会不到 1079 01:04:05,560 --> 01:04:10,840 And it was incredibly awesome to me. 这对我来说太棒了 1080 01:04:10,840 --> 01:04:14,080 One of the most beautiful deserts you can imagine. 你能想象的最美丽的荒原 1081 01:04:14,080 --> 01:04:17,160 And you kept thinking,"I'm on the moon." Yeah. 你一直在想，“我在月球上。”是的 1082 01:04:17,160 --> 01:04:20,000 Charlie, thank you very much for coming out. 查理，非常感谢你能来 1083 01:04:20,000 --> 01:04:23,040 Whilst pioneers like Charlie have stood on the moon, 像查理这样的先驱者曾登陆月球， 1084 01:04:23,040 --> 01:04:26,280 no human being has set foot on another planet. 还没有人踏上过另一颗行星 1085 01:04:26,280 --> 01:04:28,920 But that's Nasa's long-term aim. 但这是美国宇航局的长期目标 1086 01:04:28,920 --> 01:04:32,560 And it hopes to use the moon as a staging post. 它希望利用月球作为中转站 1087 01:04:32,560 --> 01:04:35,640 The moon has one sixth of the gravitational pull of Earth, 月球引力只有地球引力的六分之一， 1088 01:04:35,640 --> 01:04:39,880 so launching from the moon is estimated to be 20 times cheaper 所以从月球发射估计要便宜20倍 1089 01:04:39,880 --> 01:04:42,280 than launching from Earth. 相比于从地球发射 1090 01:04:42,280 --> 01:04:45,320 And there are teams investigating now how we can use the moon 现在有些团队在研究我们如何利用月球 1091 01:04:45,320 --> 01:04:47,400 to help us send people to Mars. 帮助我们把人送上火星 1092 01:04:52,120 --> 01:04:55,320 Nearly five miles south of the rocket factories, 在火箭工厂以南五英里处， 1093 01:04:55,320 --> 01:04:57,960 in the corner of Kennedy Space Center, 在肯尼迪航天中心的一角， 1094 01:04:57,960 --> 01:05:01,840 is a lab in which they've recreated a piece of the moon's surface. 是一个实验室，他们在那里建了一块模拟月球表面 1095 01:05:03,960 --> 01:05:07,880 I've been invited here to try out the prototype of a fleet of robots 我被邀请到这里来试验机器人的原型 1096 01:05:07,880 --> 01:05:09,840 designed to mine the moon. 用来在月球采矿 1097 01:05:13,800 --> 01:05:17,880 The idea is the autonomous robots would extract fuel and building 这个想法是智能机器人将提取燃料并制造 1098 01:05:17,880 --> 01:05:22,560 materials, working ahead of any human mission. 原材料，在载人任务之前做准备工作 1099 01:05:22,560 --> 01:05:25,000 One stick drives one side of the wheels, 一根轴承带动一边的轮子， 1100 01:05:25,000 --> 01:05:27,480 and the other stick drives the other side of the wheels. 另一个轴承带动另一侧的轮子 1101 01:05:27,480 --> 01:05:29,800 Robotics engineer Ajay Nick 机器人工程师阿杰·尼克 1102 01:05:29,800 --> 01:05:31,960 is letting me take one out for a spin. 让我开一圈 1103 01:05:33,160 --> 01:05:35,520 So, we could turn on this button,and you can go ahead 我们可以打开这个按钮，你可以继续 1104 01:05:35,520 --> 01:05:37,760 and raise this arm over here. 把这只机械臂举过来 1105 01:05:37,760 --> 01:05:40,200 And keep driving. 然后继续开 1106 01:05:40,200 --> 01:05:43,240 You know, there's a real feeling of stability there. 你知道，有一种稳定的感觉 1107 01:05:43,240 --> 01:05:44,480 Ah! 哦！ 1108 01:05:45,760 --> 01:05:47,920 You're confident I can't break this? 你确信我不会弄坏这个？ 1109 01:05:47,920 --> 01:05:51,120 I have done way worse to this robot. 我对这个机器人做过更暴力的 1110 01:05:51,120 --> 01:05:53,800 I suppose the obvious question is,if you want to mine this, 我想最明显的问题是，如果你想采矿， 1111 01:05:53,800 --> 01:05:56,040 why don't you just get a shovel and dig it up? 你为什么不用铲子把土挖出来？ 1112 01:05:56,040 --> 01:05:58,720 Why is the robot so complicated? 为什么用这样复杂的机器人？ 1113 01:05:58,720 --> 01:06:00,960 The first problem is we're trying to make everything 第一个问题是我们要把一切造得 1114 01:06:00,960 --> 01:06:03,760 as lightweight as possible,fit inside of a rocket. 尽可能轻，适合火箭发射 1115 01:06:03,760 --> 01:06:05,720 Then you get there on the lunar surface, 之后到了月球表面， 1116 01:06:05,720 --> 01:06:08,440 and you have reduced gravity once you get there, 一旦你到了那里，重力就降低了， 1117 01:06:08,440 --> 01:06:10,680 so now the thing that was already really light, 所以现在就已经很轻了， 1118 01:06:10,680 --> 01:06:12,920 because you had to make it light to fit in the rocket, 因为你必须使它轻到适合火箭发射， 1119 01:06:12,920 --> 01:06:15,120 is even lighter while it's there on Earth. 到那里之后就会更轻 1120 01:06:15,120 --> 01:06:18,000 This is really some rock.Really shocked. 这真是块难挖的石头，真讨厌 1121 01:06:18,000 --> 01:06:20,440 With one sixth of Earth's gravity, 六分之一的地球重力 1122 01:06:20,440 --> 01:06:23,280 operating on the moon creates a challenge. 在月球上作业会带来挑战 1123 01:06:23,280 --> 01:06:26,080 OK, Houston, I'm digging exploratory trench right here. 好吧，休斯顿，我正在这里挖沟 1124 01:06:26,080 --> 01:06:28,240 OK, we copy that. 好的，收到 1125 01:06:28,240 --> 01:06:31,200 While the Apollo astronauts could move around with ease, 虽然阿波罗号的宇航员可以轻松地四处走动， 1126 01:06:31,200 --> 01:06:35,560 they found simple tasks like digging and collecting rocks difficult. 他们发现挖掘和收集岩石等简单的工作变得困难 1127 01:06:39,920 --> 01:06:43,360 Current Earth terrestrial excavators actually get their excavation 现在的挖掘机拥有这样的挖掘 1128 01:06:43,360 --> 01:06:45,560 force, their ability to cut through the soil, 力量，挖开土地的能力 1129 01:06:45,560 --> 01:06:47,440 from their weight of their vehicle. 是因为他们自身的重量 1130 01:06:47,440 --> 01:06:51,520 Here, since we don't have a lot of weight, it's very difficult. 这儿，因为我们没有足够的重量，这是非常困难的 1131 01:06:51,520 --> 01:06:54,560 Ajay and his team have come up with a unique design 阿杰和他的团队想出了一个独特的设计 1132 01:06:54,560 --> 01:06:58,000 that will allow their robots to work in the moon's weak gravity. 他们的机器人可以在月球微弱的引力下工作 1133 01:07:00,600 --> 01:07:02,480 So now, I'm digging. 现在，我在挖土 1134 01:07:02,480 --> 01:07:07,160 The scooping drums at either end rotate in opposite directions. 两端的滚筒以相反的方向旋转 1135 01:07:07,160 --> 01:07:10,200 This has the effect of pinning the robot to the ground, 这有把机器人固定在地上的效果， 1136 01:07:10,200 --> 01:07:14,400 allowing it to dig without floating off into space. 在不飘浮到太空的情况下挖掘 1137 01:07:14,400 --> 01:07:18,240 As one drum on the front is digging,the other drum is rotating 当前面的一个滚筒正在挖掘时，另一个滚筒正在旋转 1138 01:07:18,240 --> 01:07:20,360 the opposite direction from the other drum, 与第一个滚筒相反的方向 1139 01:07:20,360 --> 01:07:23,200 and so, that allows the excavation forces to be cancelled, 所以，这样就可以抵消挖掘的力， 1140 01:07:23,200 --> 01:07:24,360 as it's digging. 当在挖掘的时候 1141 01:07:26,000 --> 01:07:29,680 This is the only vehicle in the world that can dig 这是世界上唯一能挖掘出 1142 01:07:29,680 --> 01:07:32,000 more than its own weight. 超过自身重量的车辆 1143 01:07:32,000 --> 01:07:34,400 If I took it into this trench the wrong way... 如果我把它带到这条沟里… 1144 01:07:34,400 --> 01:07:36,400 Right. ..it may well fall over. 可以..它可能会翻倒 1145 01:07:36,400 --> 01:07:39,160 Mm-hm. Can I do that?Yeah. Oh, yep. 呣，我可以吗？可以，哦，可以的 1146 01:07:41,000 --> 01:07:43,280 Unlike other planetary rovers, 不像其他行星车， 1147 01:07:43,280 --> 01:07:46,760 these robots are meant to be robust, 这些机器人本来就很耐用， 1148 01:07:46,760 --> 01:07:49,560 designed to get themselves out of problems, 可以让自己摆脱困境， 1149 01:07:49,560 --> 01:07:52,840 even if they're flipped upside down. 即使它们被上下颠倒 1150 01:07:52,840 --> 01:07:55,280 It's really easy to drive,and really manoeuvrable, 它非常容易驾驶，而且非常灵活， 1151 01:07:55,280 --> 01:07:56,640 and really powerful. 非常强大 1152 01:07:56,640 --> 01:07:59,520 And it does seem like you can get out of a lot of trouble. 看起来你可以从麻烦中脱身 1153 01:07:59,520 --> 01:08:02,920 Once the lunar dirt has been dug up, 月球上的泥土被挖出来之后， 1154 01:08:02,920 --> 01:08:06,720 it needs to be transformed into a building material. 它需要被转化成一种建筑材料 1155 01:08:06,720 --> 01:08:08,680 Show you some materials here. 给你看一些材料 1156 01:08:08,680 --> 01:08:13,200 Senior technologist Robert Muller has been sintering the lunar dust, 高级技术专家罗伯特·穆勒一直在炙烤月球尘土 1157 01:08:13,200 --> 01:08:16,160 heating it until it solidifies. 加热并固化 1158 01:08:16,160 --> 01:08:20,680 So, the result, a well-centred regolith, is this, 因此，结果是，很好的固结的风化层，就是这样， 1159 01:08:20,680 --> 01:08:24,320 and that's essentially turning crushed rock back into solid rock. 从本质上讲，这就是把碎石变成坚硬的岩石 1160 01:08:24,320 --> 01:08:26,800 That's really quite heavy, actually.That feels quite dense. 真的很重，实际上。感觉很致密 1161 01:08:26,800 --> 01:08:28,840 So that is just this material in an oven, essentially. 这材料从本质上说就是烤箱里的效果 1162 01:08:28,840 --> 01:08:30,440 That's right. 对的 1163 01:08:30,440 --> 01:08:34,240 By mixing the regolith with plastic,Rob can create something 通过将表土和塑料混合，罗伯可以创造一些东西 1164 01:08:34,240 --> 01:08:36,320 far more versatile - 用途更加广泛 1165 01:08:36,320 --> 01:08:39,040 a material which can be used in a 3D printer. 一种可用于3d打印机的材料 1166 01:08:40,400 --> 01:08:42,880 And we use the big robot arm,we have a print head on it, 我们用这个大机械臂，上面有一个打印头， 1167 01:08:42,880 --> 01:08:45,040 and then we're able to make objects like this, 然后我们就能制造出这样的物体， 1168 01:08:45,040 --> 01:08:46,920 this is a blast deflection wall. 这是一个折流隔墙 1169 01:08:46,920 --> 01:08:50,960 Or this is an ogive dome, it could be used for the roof 这是一个拱形穹顶，可以用来做屋顶 1170 01:08:50,960 --> 01:08:54,280 of a habitat when it gets really big, and in fact it's quite strong. 当它做得很大的时候，实际上它非常结实 1171 01:08:54,280 --> 01:08:57,000 If you look down at it,it's very strong. 你可以看一看，它很结实 1172 01:08:57,000 --> 01:08:59,080 You could kick it all day long,and it won't break. 你可以踢它一整天，它不会坏 1173 01:08:59,080 --> 01:09:02,600 That's quite remarkable. So that is built by that robot? Yes. 那真是太了不起了。是那个机器人造的？对 1174 01:09:02,600 --> 01:09:05,760 Using essentially the regolith that you would find on the moon? 基本上是用在月球上存在的风化表土？ 1175 01:09:05,760 --> 01:09:08,800 That's correct. So, you never bring any materials from Earth. 没错。所以，你不需要从地球上带任何材料 1176 01:09:08,800 --> 01:09:11,840 You go mine them on the moon,and then you build whatever 你在月球上开采它们，然后建造你需要的一切 1177 01:09:11,840 --> 01:09:16,840 you need to create your local moon base out of local materials. 用当地的材料建造你的月球基地 1178 01:09:16,840 --> 01:09:18,280 All you have to bring is the robot. 你只要带上机器人就行了 1179 01:09:18,280 --> 01:09:20,000 Everything is there, is the point. 一切都在那里，这是重点 1180 01:09:20,000 --> 01:09:21,400 Everything is there. 一切都在那里 1181 01:09:21,400 --> 01:09:26,480 The only two things missing are technologies and imagination. 唯一缺少的两个元素是技术和想象力 1182 01:09:26,480 --> 01:09:28,480 If we can put those two things together, 如果我们能把这两个元素结合起来， 1183 01:09:28,480 --> 01:09:31,800 and harness the materials and the energy we have in space, 利用太空中的物质和能量， 1184 01:09:31,800 --> 01:09:34,200 we have all the resources in space we need. 在太空中我们拥有所需的资源 1185 01:09:34,200 --> 01:09:36,960 We just need to be clever enough to learn how to use them. 我们只需要足够聪明来学习如何使用它们 1186 01:09:39,880 --> 01:09:42,920 Mars is an ambitious goal. 火星是一个雄心勃勃的目标 1187 01:09:42,920 --> 01:09:47,280 And one of the greatest challenges is the enormous amount of fuel 最大的挑战之一是庞大的燃料需求 1188 01:09:47,280 --> 01:09:49,640 needed to propel a spacecraft to the red planet. 把飞船发射到红色星球 1189 01:09:54,320 --> 01:09:56,880 But this fuel could be created on the moon. 但是燃料可以在月球上生产 1190 01:10:00,960 --> 01:10:03,280 Now, you might think that synthesising rocket fuel 现在，你可能认为合成火箭燃料 1191 01:10:03,280 --> 01:10:06,720 from material you can find on the moon or Mars is difficult, 用月球或火星上能找到的物质来看是很困难的， 1192 01:10:06,720 --> 01:10:08,320 but actually, it isn't. 但事实上，不是的 1193 01:10:08,320 --> 01:10:11,600 It's very easy indeed, because all you need is water. 其实很容易，因为你只需要水 1194 01:10:11,600 --> 01:10:15,040 And water is made out of hydrogen and oxygen. 水是由氢和氧组成的 1195 01:10:15,040 --> 01:10:19,160 And they are also the first and third most abundant elements 它们也是第一和第三丰富的元素 1196 01:10:19,160 --> 01:10:20,720 in the entire universe. 在整个宇宙中 1197 01:10:20,720 --> 01:10:23,320 So, water is all over the place. 所以，到处都是水 1198 01:10:23,320 --> 01:10:27,480 We found it in the rocks of the moon's crust. 我们在月壳的岩石中发现水 1199 01:10:27,480 --> 01:10:31,080 And all you have to do to split the water into hydrogen and oxygen 你要做的就是把水分解成氢和氧 1200 01:10:31,080 --> 01:10:35,240 is put some energy in, which I can do by connecting 输入一些能量，我可以通过连接 1201 01:10:35,240 --> 01:10:37,920 a battery to these two electrodes. 电池和这两个电极 1202 01:10:37,920 --> 01:10:41,240 And I think you can see there,already, you see those bubbles 我想你已经看到了，那些泡泡 1203 01:10:41,240 --> 01:10:45,720 starting to form? Well, on this one,where the electrons are going in, 开始形成？好吧，在这个上面，电子进入的地方， 1204 01:10:45,720 --> 01:10:48,760 those bubbles are hydrogen.That's hydrogen gas. 气泡是氢，那是氢气 1205 01:10:48,760 --> 01:10:52,200 And on this one, where the electrons are coming back out again, the anode, 在这个上面，电子出来了，阳极， 1206 01:10:52,200 --> 01:10:54,520 those are bubbles of oxygen. 那些是氧气泡 1207 01:10:54,520 --> 01:10:56,880 So, we've put energy in to split the water, 所以，我们输入了能量来分解水， 1208 01:10:56,880 --> 01:10:59,720 to make the hydrogen and oxygen,then if you put these into big 制造氢气和氧气，如果你把它们放在 1209 01:10:59,720 --> 01:11:03,840 tanks, and bring them back together,and light them, you get that energy 罐子里，然后两者混合，点燃，你就可以得到能量 1210 01:11:03,840 --> 01:11:06,760 back out again. And that is a rocket. 的释放，这就是火箭 1211 01:11:18,400 --> 01:11:20,360 So, how likely is that to work? 那么，这样做的可能性有多大？ 1212 01:11:20,360 --> 01:11:22,800 Well, I think it's certainly going to work, it sounds 好吧，我想肯定会成为现实，听起来 1213 01:11:22,800 --> 01:11:25,240 like science fiction, but I think for the first time, 好像科幻小说，但我已经开始想 1214 01:11:25,240 --> 01:11:28,400 we have the technology to begin to be able to make that happen. 我们有实现这一点的足够技术 1215 01:11:28,400 --> 01:11:30,800 OK, any idea how long before we can do that? 好吧，知道我们要多久才能做到吗？ 1216 01:11:30,800 --> 01:11:32,320 See, I dodged that. 看，我绕开了时间 1217 01:11:32,320 --> 01:11:34,440 But I would say that we have the technology now, 但我想说我们现在有技术了， 1218 01:11:34,440 --> 01:11:36,880 we have the reusable rockets,we have the robots that can do it. 我们有可重复使用的火箭，我们有能做到这一点的机器人 1219 01:11:36,880 --> 01:11:38,120 We now need the will. 我们现在需要意愿 1220 01:11:38,120 --> 01:11:40,200 But if we want to start mining asteroids, or the moon, 但如果我们想开采小行星或月球， 1221 01:11:40,200 --> 01:11:42,600 tomorrow, then we have the technology to do it. 明天，我们已经有技术了 1222 01:11:42,600 --> 01:11:45,440 So it could be now.In reality, what, 所以可能是现在。从实际上说，什么， 1223 01:11:45,440 --> 01:11:47,200 20 years? If we're lucky. 20年？如果顺利的话 1224 01:11:47,200 --> 01:11:48,920 That's still within our lifetime. 那还是我们有生之年的事 1225 01:11:50,840 --> 01:11:56,120 Nasa's next deep space mission is planned for summer 2020. 美国航天局下一次深空任务计划在2020年夏天 1226 01:11:56,120 --> 01:12:00,120 They're going to send a new rover to Mars to search for evidence 他们要派一个新的探测器去火星寻找生命证据 1227 01:12:00,120 --> 01:12:03,960 of life, and to help them get rock samples back to Earth. 还要把岩石样本带回地球 1228 01:12:07,440 --> 01:12:09,920 Hannah went to California to find out more. 汉娜去加利福尼亚了解情况 1229 01:12:12,480 --> 01:12:17,520 Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory has sent out over 100 robotic 美国宇航局喷气推进实验室已经派出了100多个机器人 1230 01:12:17,520 --> 01:12:20,480 spacecraft across our solar system. 穿越太阳系的太空探测器 1231 01:12:22,480 --> 01:12:28,080 Voyagers 1 and 2 have flown past Jupiter and Neptune, 旅行者1号和2号已经飞过木星和海王星， 1232 01:12:28,080 --> 01:12:31,320 and are currently travelling through interstellar space. 目前正在星际空间旅行 1233 01:12:33,760 --> 01:12:39,760 And the famous Cassini mission imaged Saturn and its moons. 著名的卡西尼号任务拍摄了土星及其卫星 1234 01:12:41,840 --> 01:12:44,680 Now, Nasa's readying its next one, 现在，美国宇航局正在准备下一个， 1235 01:12:44,680 --> 01:12:47,800 which will land on our nearest neighbour. 它会落在我们最近的邻居上 1236 01:12:47,800 --> 01:12:51,880 This is the Mars 2020 Rover. 这是火星2020探测车 1237 01:12:51,880 --> 01:12:56,320 The rover's primary mission is to explore the Martian surface, 探测车的主要任务是探索火星表面， 1238 01:12:56,320 --> 01:12:58,320 and this is the chassis that they're going to use 这是他们要用的底盘 1239 01:12:58,320 --> 01:13:01,000 to test out all the various pieces of equipment. 测试所有不同的设备 1240 01:13:01,000 --> 01:13:05,240 It's all been planned with a future human mission in mind, 所有的计划都考虑到了未来的载人任务， 1241 01:13:05,240 --> 01:13:07,920 which means that all the information that this is going to send back 这意味着所有返回来的信息 1242 01:13:07,920 --> 01:13:12,520 will be absolutely crucial to getting people onto the red planet. 对于把人们送到这个红色星球上是绝对重要的 1243 01:13:12,520 --> 01:13:15,800 And more importantly, back home again safely. 更关键的是，还能安全回家 1244 01:13:17,800 --> 01:13:22,160 While this rover will be a first step to understanding how to get 虽然这个探测车将开始了解如何 1245 01:13:22,160 --> 01:13:26,500 back from Mars, its key mission is to study 从火星返回，但它的主要任务是研究 1246 01:13:26,500 --> 01:13:29,640 the geology and climate of the red planet 红色星球的地质和气候 1247 01:13:29,640 --> 01:13:32,360 and determine whether life existed there. 确认那里是否存在生命 1248 01:13:35,640 --> 01:13:39,000 In JPL's clean room, construction of the rover 在喷气推进实验室的洁净室里，建造探测车 1249 01:13:39,000 --> 01:13:41,400 is reaching a critical stage. 正进入一个关键阶段 1250 01:13:43,880 --> 01:13:47,480 And leading the flight systems team is Dave Gruel. 领导飞行系统小组的是戴夫·格鲁尔 1251 01:13:49,160 --> 01:13:51,200 When is this thing going to be ready, then? 那这要什么时候准备好呢？ 1252 01:13:51,200 --> 01:13:55,640 Launch date is in July of 2020, and then we are scheduled to land 发射日期是2020年7月，然后我们计划着陆 1253 01:13:55,640 --> 01:13:57,760 on the surface of Mars in 2021. 火星的时间是2021年 1254 01:14:00,280 --> 01:14:03,440 The rover's landing site is Jezero crater. 探测车的着陆地点是杰罗罗火山口 1255 01:14:05,080 --> 01:14:09,480 If you look at it from the orbiters,it looks like a big river 如果你从卫星上看，它看起来曾有一条大河 1256 01:14:09,480 --> 01:14:11,480 might have flown into this area. 可能流到这个地区 1257 01:14:11,480 --> 01:14:13,560 And when you have rivers,the hope is that by looking 当你有河流的时候，很有希望 1258 01:14:13,560 --> 01:14:15,720 at an area like this,they will get a vast array 观察这样一个地区，他们会得到一个巨大的样本 1259 01:14:15,720 --> 01:14:18,760 of different types of rock samples and sand samples and things 不同类型的岩石样品和沙子样品 1260 01:14:18,760 --> 01:14:22,280 like that that will allow them to peer through time and understand 以及类似的东西，让他们通过观察研究穿越时空 1261 01:14:22,280 --> 01:14:24,600 how Mars might have formed, and how it came to be 搞清楚火星的形成过程，如何变化成 1262 01:14:24,600 --> 01:14:25,680 what it is today. 现在的样子 1263 01:14:27,000 --> 01:14:31,280 Evidence of water would offer the tantalising possibility 水存在的证据将提供诱人的可能性 1264 01:14:31,280 --> 01:14:34,320 that life may once have existed at Jezero. 生命可能曾经存在于杰罗罗 1265 01:14:35,560 --> 01:14:39,680 And one of this rover's key tasks will be to look for it. 这辆车的关键任务之一就是寻找证据 1266 01:14:41,240 --> 01:14:45,200 To achieve this, it will be loaded with tools, 为了达到这个目的，它将装载工具， 1267 01:14:45,200 --> 01:14:50,240 and sitting at the end of a 2.1-metre arm will be the drill, 在2.1米手臂的末端就是钻头， 1268 01:14:50,240 --> 01:14:56,240 which will cut 30mm-diameter cores of Martian bedrock. 它将钻出直径30毫米的火星基岩岩芯 1269 01:14:56,240 --> 01:15:00,000 These will help provide a far more detailed picture 这些将有助于提供更详细的信息 1270 01:15:00,000 --> 01:15:02,040 of the red planet's geology. 关于红色星球的地质情况 1271 01:15:03,160 --> 01:15:07,560 The rover can analyse the core samples collected by this drill 探测车可以分析这台钻机采集的岩芯样本 1272 01:15:07,560 --> 01:15:11,240 as it goes, but what the scientists really want to do is to get 但科学家们真正想做的是 1273 01:15:11,240 --> 01:15:15,080 those samples back to Earth,because we can do so much 把这些样本送回地球，因为我们可以 1274 01:15:15,080 --> 01:15:18,840 more analysis on them here than the rover can on Mars. 得到比火星探测车更多的分析结果 1275 01:15:24,480 --> 01:15:29,680 This is the first mission that's part of an attempt to send material 这是第一次尝试发送样本的任务 1276 01:15:29,680 --> 01:15:32,600 from the red planet back to Earth. 从火星回地球 1277 01:15:34,480 --> 01:15:38,040 This is one of the rover's sample collection tubes. 这是探测车的样品收集管之一 1278 01:15:38,040 --> 01:15:41,040 Whenever it drills a sample of rock,it will store it in one of these, 每当它钻一个岩石样本，它就会把它放在其中一个里面， 1279 01:15:41,040 --> 01:15:42,480 and seal it. 并且封死 1280 01:15:42,480 --> 01:15:44,960 Then it labels it, sends a message back to Earth 然后给它贴上标签，把信息传回地球 1281 01:15:44,960 --> 01:15:49,200 about where it is, and leaves it on the ground. 留下详细地址，然后把它留在地上 1282 01:15:49,200 --> 01:15:52,040 And as the rover trundles off into the distance, 当探测车驶向远方， 1283 01:15:52,040 --> 01:15:56,760 the tube waits patiently for another mission to come and collect it. 样品耐心地等待另一个任务来收集它 1284 01:15:58,520 --> 01:16:03,000 The next stage of the plan is truly audacious. 这项计划的下一阶段是真正冒险的 1285 01:16:03,000 --> 01:16:07,880 A second rover will land near the samples and collect them. 第二辆车将在样本附近着陆并收集样本 1286 01:16:07,880 --> 01:16:10,720 It'll then take them to a launcher, which will fire them 然后它会把它们带到发射台，发射台会发射它们 1287 01:16:10,720 --> 01:16:13,560 into orbit around Mars. 进入绕火星的轨道 1288 01:16:13,560 --> 01:16:18,640 Then a third mission will rendezvous with them in orbit, 然后第三个任务将在轨道上与它们会合， 1289 01:16:18,640 --> 01:16:21,200 and bring them back to Earth. 把它们带回地球 1290 01:16:21,200 --> 01:16:24,520 And while those second and third missions are still on the drawing 当第二个和第三个任务还在计划中时 1291 01:16:24,520 --> 01:16:29,240 board, if they succeed, it'll put us a giant step closer 如果它们成功了，我们会更进一步接近目标 1292 01:16:29,240 --> 01:16:33,040 to bringing astronauts back from the red planet safely. 把宇航员安全地从红色星球带回来 1293 01:16:34,880 --> 01:16:38,320 It's become a bit of a cliche that a manned mission to Mars is only 载人火星任务开始变得有点陈词滥调了 1294 01:16:38,320 --> 01:16:41,800 20 or 30 years away. We've basically been saying the same thing 20年、30年能完成，因为我们从很久以前就开始这样说 1295 01:16:41,800 --> 01:16:43,840 since the 1960s. 从1960年代开始 1296 01:16:43,840 --> 01:16:47,760 But projects like this one really do make that idea of having astronauts 但像这样的项目确实让宇航员 1297 01:16:47,760 --> 01:16:50,920 on the red planet much more feasible. 登陆红色星球更可行 1298 01:16:50,920 --> 01:16:53,360 So maybe this time,that timescale has a ring 所以也许这次，时间尺度有了 1299 01:16:53,360 --> 01:16:55,040 of truth to it. 充分的真实性 1300 01:17:07,400 --> 01:17:10,640 See? Finally, finally we get the weather that Florida promised, 看到了吗？最后，我们终于得到了佛罗里达承诺的好天气， 1301 01:17:10,640 --> 01:17:13,080 and I'm now overdressed. So am I. 我现在穿得太多了。我也是 1302 01:17:13,080 --> 01:17:14,720 I know, it's ridiculous, actually. 我知道，事实上，这很荒唐 1303 01:17:14,720 --> 01:17:17,400 Why is this planet so difficult to predict? 为什么这个星球如此难以预测？ 1304 01:17:17,400 --> 01:17:20,120 Sending spaceships to other planets has taught us so much 把宇宙飞船送去其他星球教会了我们很多 1305 01:17:20,120 --> 01:17:21,760 about the solar system. 关于太阳系的知识 1306 01:17:21,760 --> 01:17:24,440 So far, we've talked about exploring the moon 到目前为止，我们讨论过探索月球 1307 01:17:24,440 --> 01:17:27,880 and Mars, but there's another alien world on our radar 还有火星，但我们的目标还有另一个外星世界 1308 01:17:27,880 --> 01:17:29,640 for a future mission. 执行未来任务 1309 01:17:29,640 --> 01:17:34,720 One of Saturn's moons, Titan,which is shrouded in dense methane 土星的卫星之一，泰坦，被浓密的甲烷所笼罩 1310 01:17:34,720 --> 01:17:38,120 clouds, could be in line to receive its second visit 在准备接受探测器的第二次访问 1311 01:17:38,120 --> 01:17:40,440 from a lander. 登陆的探测器 1312 01:17:40,440 --> 01:17:42,560 I'm delighted to say we're joined by a scientist 我很高兴地说我们有一位科学家到来 1313 01:17:42,560 --> 01:17:44,960 who's been involved in a series of missions at the forefront 他直接参与了一系列的任务 1314 01:17:44,960 --> 01:17:47,520 of our discovery of how our solar systems work, 研究太阳系是如何运作的， 1315 01:17:47,520 --> 01:17:49,640 planetary scientist at Johns Hopkins University 约翰霍普金斯大学的行星科学家 1316 01:17:49,640 --> 01:17:51,040 Doctor Zibi Turtle. 教授Zibi Turtle 1317 01:17:51,040 --> 01:17:53,080 Thank you for joining us.Hi, my pleasure. 谢谢你的到来。嗨，我的荣幸 1318 01:17:53,080 --> 01:17:55,960 What is so interesting about Titan? 泰坦有什么有趣的特征？ 1319 01:17:55,960 --> 01:18:00,320 Titan has very rich organic chemistry. 泰坦有非常丰富的有机化合物 1320 01:18:00,320 --> 01:18:03,920 There's energy in the form of sunlight, and there's, 有阳光形式的能量， 1321 01:18:03,920 --> 01:18:07,120 in the past, been liquid water available at the surface 过去，地表曾有液态水 1322 01:18:07,120 --> 01:18:10,960 that the organic material can mix with, and there's also a liquid 有机物质可以在里面溶解，还有一个液态的 1323 01:18:10,960 --> 01:18:13,640 water ocean deep in its interior. 海洋在很深的下面 1324 01:18:13,640 --> 01:18:16,960 It's the only place that comes close, in terms of organic 就有机物而言，这是唯一接近的地方 1325 01:18:16,960 --> 01:18:19,280 complexity, to our Earth. 相当复杂，类似我们的地球 1326 01:18:19,280 --> 01:18:23,120 And in that sense,it's very much like the early Earth, 从这个意义上说，它很像早期的地球， 1327 01:18:23,120 --> 01:18:26,520 and we want to understand what happens chemically, 我们想知道发生了什么化学反应， 1328 01:18:26,520 --> 01:18:28,640 how that chemistry progresses, 化学反应是如何进行的， 1329 01:18:28,640 --> 01:18:30,880 because we can't study that on Earth, because it's 我们不能在地球上研究，因为 1330 01:18:30,880 --> 01:18:33,320 over-printed by biology very effectively. 被地球生物过度的影响了 1331 01:18:33,320 --> 01:18:35,760 It's almost like a time machine,I suppose, isn't it? 我想它就像一台时光机，不是吗？ 1332 01:18:35,760 --> 01:18:37,360 In a sense we can go back...Yes, exactly! 在某种意义上我们回到过去…是的，没错！ 1333 01:18:37,360 --> 01:18:40,000 ..to the early Earth,see what the chemistry's like. …去早期的地球，看看化学反应是什么样的 1334 01:18:40,000 --> 01:18:41,400 Exactly. Yeah. 确实。是的 1335 01:18:41,400 --> 01:18:42,960 Yeah, that's a good way of putting it. 是的，这是一个很好的表述 1336 01:18:42,960 --> 01:18:46,500 Titan's been doing these prebiotic chemistry experiments for 泰坦已经做了生命起源的化学实验 1337 01:18:46,500 --> 01:18:49,400 hundreds of millions of years,and we want to go collect 上亿年的时间，我们想去搜集 1338 01:18:49,400 --> 01:18:52,800 the results of those experiments,and understand what happens 这些实验的结果，了解会发生什么 1339 01:18:52,800 --> 01:18:57,080 with the chemistry that eventually led to biology here on Earth. 最终导致地球生命诞生的化学反应 1340 01:18:57,080 --> 01:19:02,160 I mean, the next plan to land on Titan is an incredibly exciting one, 我是说，下一个登陆泰坦的计划是非常令人兴奋的， 1341 01:19:02,160 --> 01:19:05,320 because you're going to use the atmosphere to travel in a way 因为你要利用大气层的帮助 1342 01:19:05,320 --> 01:19:09,040 that we haven't any time we've landed anywhere else. 我们从来没有这样在别的星球着陆过 1343 01:19:09,040 --> 01:19:12,600 Right. So we're in the process of proposing a mission, 是的。我们正在计划一项任务， 1344 01:19:12,600 --> 01:19:14,600 that mission is called Dragonfly. 名字叫做蜻蜓 1345 01:19:14,600 --> 01:19:18,000 So Dragonfly would be a rotorcraft, and it would be able 所以蜻蜓是一个旋翼机，能够 1346 01:19:18,000 --> 01:19:21,840 to use Titan's atmosphere to be able to fly from place to place. 利用泰坦的大气层从这里飞到那里 1347 01:19:21,840 --> 01:19:25,320 Titan's atmosphere, surface pressure, is about one and a half 泰坦的大气层，表面大气压，大约是1.5倍 1348 01:19:25,320 --> 01:19:29,360 times the pressure here on Earth,but the gravity is about one seventh 地球的大气压，但是重力大约是七分之一 1349 01:19:29,360 --> 01:19:31,040 the gravity here on Earth. 地球上的重力 1350 01:19:31,040 --> 01:19:34,480 So it's actually easier to fly on Titan than it is on Earth, 所以在泰坦上飞行比在地球上容易， 1351 01:19:34,480 --> 01:19:37,120 and if we could go to Titan, right, 如果我们能去泰坦，对吧， 1352 01:19:37,120 --> 01:19:40,080 and we had really good, warm,woolly sweaters and some oxygen, 而且我们穿上很好的，温暖的毛衣，带上氧气， 1353 01:19:40,080 --> 01:19:42,800 we'd be able to flyif we had wings. 我们有了翅膀就能自己飞 1354 01:19:42,800 --> 01:19:46,040 Yeah. So it's really, you know, it's really an evocative 是啊。所以它真的，你知道，它真的是一个吸引人 1355 01:19:46,040 --> 01:19:47,360 place to explore. 可探索的地方 1356 01:19:47,360 --> 01:19:49,440 Are you prepared, by the way,to the level to which people 顺便问一下，你觉得可行吗？人们 1357 01:19:49,440 --> 01:19:52,080 are going to fall in love with a hopping, flying drone 会喜欢一架在遥远星球上的会跳的无人机吗？ 1358 01:19:52,080 --> 01:19:54,360 on a distant planet?We do tend to anthropomorphise... 我们倾向于拟人化的任务… 1359 01:19:54,360 --> 01:19:56,800 Oh, absolutely, absolutely! 哦，绝对，绝对！ 1360 01:19:56,800 --> 01:20:01,880 And I am... I have fallen completely in love with this idea myself. 我是…我自己已经完全爱上了这个主意 1361 01:20:01,880 --> 01:20:04,680 It has been one of the features of the decade that we've been doing 这是我们观星指南这十年的特色之一 1362 01:20:04,680 --> 01:20:07,600 Stargazing, that we've seen the results come in from things 我们已经看到了来自探测器的收获 1363 01:20:07,600 --> 01:20:11,000 like Cassini and Galileo and New Horizon, and it just seems 卡西尼、伽利略和新地平线号，看起来 1364 01:20:11,000 --> 01:20:13,440 to be that the universe creates planets and moons 宇宙创造了行星和卫星 1365 01:20:13,440 --> 01:20:17,120 in a far more varied way than we ever thought. 方式比我们想象的要多得多 1366 01:20:17,120 --> 01:20:18,440 Yeah, I think you're right. 是的，我认为你是对的 1367 01:20:18,440 --> 01:20:22,520 The Curiosity rover as well on Mars,I think what we're finding 好奇号火星探测器正在火星，我想我们发现了 1368 01:20:22,520 --> 01:20:25,040 is that the potential for life beyond Earth, 地球以外生命存在的可能性， 1369 01:20:25,040 --> 01:20:28,400 we don't know, it could be that there is no life for a long way, 我们不知道，可能有很大的范围之内没有生命， 1370 01:20:28,400 --> 01:20:30,080 thousands of light years beyond Earth, 数千光年以内 1371 01:20:30,080 --> 01:20:32,560 or, it could be we will answer the question, 或者，我们可以回答这个问题， 1372 01:20:32,560 --> 01:20:36,000 "are we alone" in the negative,no, we are not alone, “我们是孤独的吗”正相反，不，我们不是孤独的， 1373 01:20:36,000 --> 01:20:39,040 in our solar system,which I think is the thing that most 就在我们的太阳系中，我认为 1374 01:20:39,040 --> 01:20:43,120 excites me about these next missions for the next 10 or 20 years. 在接下来的10年或20年里，这些任务最令我兴奋 1375 01:20:43,120 --> 01:20:45,520 When the first people land on Mars, they won't have anything 当第一批人登陆火星时，他们将没有什么 1376 01:20:45,520 --> 01:20:48,400 as exciting as Dragonfly to travel around on, 像蜻蜓那样令人兴奋的东西来四处旅行， 1377 01:20:48,400 --> 01:20:51,920 but already now, Nasa are devising new vehicles to help them 但是现在，美国宇航局正设计新的车辆来帮助他们 1378 01:20:51,920 --> 01:20:53,480 traverse that planet. 可以穿过火星表面 1379 01:20:53,480 --> 01:20:56,880 In Houston, Hannah got to go on this new expanded form 在休斯顿，汉娜继续尝试这种新的可扩展 1380 01:20:56,880 --> 01:20:59,920 of the moon buggy,and give it a test ride. 的月球车，并进行一次试驾 1381 01:21:03,440 --> 01:21:06,640 At over £7 million each, 每辆700万英镑 1382 01:21:06,640 --> 01:21:08,600 the lunar rovers are the most 月球车是 1383 01:21:08,600 --> 01:21:11,280 expensive cars ever built. 最昂贵的汽车了 1384 01:21:12,560 --> 01:21:17,880 But the 56 miles that astronauts covered during Apollo 15, 16 and 但是在56英里的月球路程中，阿波罗15、16和 1385 01:21:17,880 --> 01:21:23,200 17 allowed them to study a huge variety of lunar landscapes, 17号的宇航员，让他们得以研究各种各样的月球景观， 1386 01:21:23,200 --> 01:21:26,960 so they might have been the most important miles ever driven. 所以它们可能是有史以来最重要的行驶里程 1387 01:21:26,960 --> 01:21:31,720 And now, half a century later,Nasa have built a new vehicle. 半个世纪后的今天，美国宇航局已经制造了一种新的星球车 1388 01:21:35,240 --> 01:21:39,160 This is the Space Exploration Vehicle. 这是太空探索车 1389 01:21:39,160 --> 01:21:43,360 It's designed to help astronauts explore the red planet. 它是为了帮助宇航员探索火星而设计的 1390 01:21:43,360 --> 01:21:48,320 And today, Nasa is letting me get behind the wheel with some 今天，美国宇航局让我开车试驾， 1391 01:21:48,320 --> 01:21:51,120 very well-qualified supervision. 在严格的监督之下 1392 01:21:51,120 --> 01:21:52,640 Hi, Hannah, welcome aboard. 嗨，汉娜，欢迎上车 1393 01:21:52,640 --> 01:21:54,040 Thank you. 谢谢 1394 01:21:54,040 --> 01:21:57,840 Astronaut Doug Wheelock has flown in space twice, 宇航员道格·惠洛克曾两次上太空， 1395 01:21:57,840 --> 01:22:00,680 logging nearly six months in orbit. 在轨飞行近六个月 1396 01:22:00,680 --> 01:22:03,280 Dual controls. Dual controls. 双重控制。双重控制 1397 01:22:03,280 --> 01:22:07,000 Here is a hand controller,so you're now the pilot. 这是一个手动控制器，所以你现在是驾驶员了 1398 01:22:07,000 --> 01:22:10,360 And today, he's chaperoning my test drive 今天，他陪我试驾 1399 01:22:10,360 --> 01:22:14,120 of this multimillion-dollar space vehicle. 这辆数百万美元的太空汽车 1400 01:22:14,120 --> 01:22:17,160 Now just twist it to the right,and keep the control in. 现在把它扭到右边，控制住 1401 01:22:17,160 --> 01:22:18,360 Whoops. It's OK. 呼。没关系 1402 01:22:18,360 --> 01:22:20,800 When you initially twist it, all the wheels are going to line up... 当你开始扭转它时，所有的轮子都会排成一行… 1403 01:22:20,800 --> 01:22:22,960 Oh, I see. That's why we jump...before it starts moving. 哦，我明白了。这就是为什么开始移动之前有跳动 1404 01:22:22,960 --> 01:22:24,040 So... OK. 好的 1405 01:22:26,520 --> 01:22:28,840 Perfect. Ooh. Perfect. 很好，喔，很好 1406 01:22:30,520 --> 01:22:35,440 Johnson Space Center's rock yard mimics the rugged terrain astronauts 约翰逊航天中心的岩石场模拟了崎岖的地形 1407 01:22:35,440 --> 01:22:38,880 might experience on the red planet. 可能在红色星球上会遇到的 1408 01:22:38,880 --> 01:22:41,560 These, some of these are quite big, it's a bit disconcerting 这些，有些相当大，有点令人不安 1409 01:22:41,560 --> 01:22:44,760 to watch them go under your feet.Absolutely, yes. Mm-hm. 它们就在车下面。当然，是的。嗯哼 1410 01:22:44,760 --> 01:22:47,280 The vehicle's joystick controls six 车辆的操纵杆控制六对 1411 01:22:47,280 --> 01:22:49,840 entirely independent pairs of wheels 完全独立的车轮 1412 01:22:49,840 --> 01:22:54,600 that can rotate 360 degrees in either direction. 它们可以在任意方向旋转360度 1413 01:22:55,960 --> 01:23:00,560 A bank of screens keeps astronauts up to speed on key information, 一排屏幕可以让宇航员及时掌握关键信息， 1414 01:23:00,560 --> 01:23:03,680 what each set of wheels is doing,and whether the cabin 每一组轮子在做什么，机舱是否 1415 01:23:03,680 --> 01:23:06,320 is at a dangerous angle. 处于危险的角度 1416 01:23:06,320 --> 01:23:09,640 And that gives astronauts confidence to perform some 这让宇航员有信心 1417 01:23:09,640 --> 01:23:12,440 pretty impressive manoeuvres. 顺利流畅地开车 1418 01:23:12,440 --> 01:23:14,440 Straight left, and come up out of the crater. 一直向左，从坑边出来 1419 01:23:14,440 --> 01:23:16,440 Mm-hm. Twist and up. 嗯哼。旋转起来 1420 01:23:16,440 --> 01:23:18,720 Or you can just go straight left. 或者你可以直接向左走 1421 01:23:18,720 --> 01:23:20,200 Crab out of a crater! 从坑里蟹爬出来！ 1422 01:23:27,440 --> 01:23:30,560 So you can see the vehicle's...it's got a very, very low centre 所以你可以看到这辆车的…它的重心非常，非常低 1423 01:23:30,560 --> 01:23:33,520 of gravity, so it has no problems at all. 所以它没有任何问题 1424 01:23:33,520 --> 01:23:35,480 Unlike me. 不像我 1425 01:23:35,480 --> 01:23:37,600 You're doing great, though. 不过，你做得很好 1426 01:23:38,880 --> 01:23:42,200 So is this a big step up from anything that went before? 那么，这是一个很大的进步，相比以前的那些车？ 1427 01:23:42,200 --> 01:23:45,520 The biggest difference between this vehicle and the lunar 这辆车和月球车最大的区别 1428 01:23:45,520 --> 01:23:48,080 rovers that we took during the Apollo era 与阿波罗时代的星球车相比 1429 01:23:48,080 --> 01:23:50,600 is this is a spaceship in and of itself, 这是一艘宇宙飞船， 1430 01:23:50,600 --> 01:23:53,440 and so all of our life systems are on board. 在船上有我们所需的生命维持系统 1431 01:23:53,440 --> 01:23:55,000 All of our supplies. 所有的补给 1432 01:23:55,000 --> 01:23:58,080 And so we can leave our base camp, if you will, 如果你愿意，我们可以离开大本营， 1433 01:23:58,080 --> 01:24:02,160 in a vehicle like this,and go out on a week-long mission, 坐在这样的车里，出去执行一周的任务， 1434 01:24:02,160 --> 01:24:03,560 a two-week mission. 两周的任务 1435 01:24:05,040 --> 01:24:08,480 On the moon, astronaut survival depended entirely 在月球上，宇航员的生存完全取决于 1436 01:24:08,480 --> 01:24:10,120 on their spacesuits. 他们的宇航服 1437 01:24:10,120 --> 01:24:14,800 So the lunar rover could only take them as far as they could walk back 所以月球车最远只能到步行可以走回去的距离 1438 01:24:14,800 --> 01:24:17,000 in case of a breakdown. 防止万一坏了 1439 01:24:17,000 --> 01:24:20,240 It meant that the furthest an Apollo astronaut ever strayed 这意味着阿波罗号上的宇航员最远 1440 01:24:20,240 --> 01:24:24,120 from the lunar lander was just 4.6 miles. 离登月舱只能走4.6英里 1441 01:24:26,160 --> 01:24:29,440 The Space Exploration Vehicle is effectively 太空探索车实际上是 1442 01:24:29,440 --> 01:24:31,400 a spacecraft on wheels, 有轮子的宇宙飞船， 1443 01:24:31,400 --> 01:24:34,640 so it can take astronauts much further. 所以它可以让宇航员走得更远 1444 01:24:34,640 --> 01:24:38,040 Right now, our range is about 125 miles, 现在，我们活动范围是125英里， 1445 01:24:38,040 --> 01:24:42,560 and we expect that to be expanded over the next several years, 我们预计在未来几年内会有所扩大， 1446 01:24:42,560 --> 01:24:45,480 as we...as we take a look at new technologies. 当我们…当我们有了新技术的时候 1447 01:24:45,480 --> 01:24:47,880 And that's just in a straight line.I mean, that means the area 这是一条直线。我是说，这意味着 1448 01:24:47,880 --> 01:24:50,320 that you can sweep out, effectively,is going to be enormous. 你能有效地覆盖到，巨大的面积 1449 01:24:50,320 --> 01:24:52,360 Absolutely,yeah. 当然，是的 1450 01:24:53,600 --> 01:24:58,240 With the buggy's hydrogen fuel cells also providing drinking water, 车上的氢燃料电池也提供饮用水， 1451 01:24:58,240 --> 01:25:02,080 the scope for exploration is vast. 勘探的范围可以很广 1452 01:25:02,080 --> 01:25:06,360 The huge windows will allow astronauts to study the Martian 巨大的窗户可以让宇航员详细研究 1453 01:25:06,360 --> 01:25:07,920 landscape in detail. 火星的景观 1454 01:25:09,600 --> 01:25:11,080 Steady. 稳定 1455 01:25:11,080 --> 01:25:13,200 Looking good. 还不错 1456 01:25:13,200 --> 01:25:16,840 But you can't fully explore from inside. 但你不能完全待在车里探索 1457 01:25:16,840 --> 01:25:21,200 To collect rocks and soil samples,astronauts will need to leave 为了收集岩石和土壤样本，宇航员需要离开 1458 01:25:21,200 --> 01:25:22,200 the vehicle. 星球车 1459 01:25:23,840 --> 01:25:27,120 Getting out of a pressurised spacecraft is quite a tricky thing 从加压的宇宙飞船出门是件很棘手的事 1460 01:25:27,120 --> 01:25:30,360 to do, so on the ISS,the astronauts had to squeeze 所以在国际空间站上，宇航员们不得不挤进 1461 01:25:30,360 --> 01:25:34,400 through this tiny airlock,and on this Space Exploration Vehicle, 小小的气闸，在这个太空探索车 1462 01:25:34,400 --> 01:25:36,720 that's just not something that's going to be practical. 这可不是什么切实可行的办法 1463 01:25:36,720 --> 01:25:40,880 So instead, the engineers came up with a very clever design. 于是，工程师们想出了一个非常聪明的设计 1464 01:25:40,880 --> 01:25:44,520 The spacesuit itself is the airlock. 宇航服本身就是气闸室 1465 01:25:45,800 --> 01:25:49,320 Combining the spacesuit and the airlock means that astronauts 宇航服和气闸室的结合意味着宇航员 1466 01:25:49,320 --> 01:25:52,880 can leave the vehicle in around 15 minutes, 大约15分钟内离开车辆， 1467 01:25:52,880 --> 01:25:55,880 and because the suit never enters the cabin, 因为这套衣服从来没进过船舱， 1468 01:25:55,880 --> 01:26:01,600 the living space is protected from contamination by Martian dust. 生活空间受到保护，不会受到火星尘埃的污染 1469 01:26:01,600 --> 01:26:05,280 For now, this Space Exploration Vehicle is just a prototype. 目前，这种太空探索车只是一个原型 1470 01:26:05,280 --> 01:26:08,720 The next generation is going to need to be faster, 下一代需要更快， 1471 01:26:08,720 --> 01:26:12,200 have better batteries,and be an awful lot lighter. 更好的电池，更轻便 1472 01:26:12,200 --> 01:26:16,440 But one thing is for sure,whatever it ends up looking like, 但有一件事是肯定的，不管改成什么样子， 1473 01:26:16,440 --> 01:26:22,080 a fully functional Mars buggy is an essential part of Nasa's plan 全功能火星车是美国宇航局计划的重要组成部分 1474 01:26:22,080 --> 01:26:24,560 to send people to the red planet. 把人送上红色星球 1475 01:26:33,800 --> 01:26:36,760 Charlie, you have lived through the most remarkable time 查理，你经历了这段最非凡的时光 1476 01:26:36,760 --> 01:26:38,360 in the history of exploration. 在人类的探索史上 1477 01:26:38,360 --> 01:26:40,800 Are you optimistic about the future? 你对未来乐观吗？ 1478 01:26:40,800 --> 01:26:43,000 Yes, generally. 是的，差不多 1479 01:26:43,000 --> 01:26:46,840 I'm very excited about the commercialisation of private 我很高兴看到私有企业的商业化 1480 01:26:46,840 --> 01:26:48,760 enterprise in space, 太空开发 1481 01:26:48,760 --> 01:26:53,400 to go to the space station,or to take tourists into space, 去空间站，或者带游客去太空， 1482 01:26:53,400 --> 01:26:57,880 and Nasa, I feel, is going to focus more on what I call deep space, 我觉得美国宇航局会更加关注我所说的深空， 1483 01:26:57,880 --> 01:26:59,520 the moon and beyond. 月球和更远的目标 1484 01:26:59,520 --> 01:27:03,280 So hopefully, we can build a moon base, and develop systems 所以希望我们能建立一个月球基地，开发 1485 01:27:03,280 --> 01:27:07,760 and stuff on the moon for scientific purposes, 开发用于科学目的的系统和材料， 1486 01:27:07,760 --> 01:27:11,280 and then from there,not stage directly to Mars, 然后从那里，不是直接登上火星， 1487 01:27:11,280 --> 01:27:15,700 but give the confidence in our systems that, when we go to Mars, 而是给我们的系统以确切把握，什么时候去火星， 1488 01:27:15,700 --> 01:27:20,100 you're on your own,and you're going to be able to survive. 你靠自己，就能活下来 1489 01:27:20,120 --> 01:27:22,480 Charlie, thank you very much. 查理，非常感谢 1490 01:27:22,480 --> 01:27:26,080 It's been a tremendous honour to get a kind of backstage peek 很荣幸能从内部窥看到最新的发展 1491 01:27:26,080 --> 01:27:30,000 here at Kennedy's spaceport,at this new exciting era of space 在肯尼迪航天中心，在这个新的令人兴奋的太空 1492 01:27:30,000 --> 01:27:31,800 travel that we're just on the cusp of 旅行时代，我们正处在时代的开端 1493 01:27:31,800 --> 01:27:35,780 but also to get a sense of how much that this new era owes to 同时也要了解阿波罗的英雄们对新时代的巨大贡献 1494 01:27:35,780 --> 01:27:38,720 the heroes of Apollo, not just the astronauts like Charlie Duke, 不仅仅是像查理·杜克这样的宇航员， 1495 01:27:38,720 --> 01:27:41,040 but the thousands of people who worked tirelessly, 但是成千上万不知疲倦地工作的人， 1496 01:27:41,040 --> 01:27:45,240 brilliantly, inventively,to get them to the moon and back. 巧妙地，创造性地，把他们送到月球上然后回来 1497 01:27:45,240 --> 01:27:47,040 But sadly, that's all we have time for. 但不幸的是，今天的节目就到这里了 1498 01:27:47,040 --> 01:27:50,080 It is, and you know, Stargazing is about observing the sky, so if it's 你知道，观星指南就是观察天空，所以 1499 01:27:50,080 --> 01:27:51,920 clear where you are, why don't you go 如果你很清楚自己的位置，为什么不去 1500 01:27:51,920 --> 01:27:54,960 up and have a look at that moon,and let your mind wander a bit, 看看月亮，让你的思想飞一会儿， 1501 01:27:54,960 --> 01:27:58,600 because that is a place where humans, like Charlie, have walked. 因为那里是人类，像查理，曾去过的地方 1502 01:27:58,600 --> 01:28:01,000 And I think if there's one thing that we've learned in our time 我想如果我们在这里学到了一件事 1503 01:28:01,000 --> 01:28:04,360 at Kennedy, it's that if we choose,then that can be a place 在肯尼迪，那就是如果我们选择，月球就是 1504 01:28:04,360 --> 01:28:06,240 where humans walk again. 值得人类再次踏足的地方 1505 01:28:06,240 --> 01:28:07,360 Goodnight. Goodnight. 晚安。晚安 1506 01:28:07,360 --> 01:28:09,760 字幕组：@火星学会@MarsSociety