1
00:00:03,880 --> 00:00:06,547
(wheel squeaks)
车轮声

2
00:00:06,547 --> 00:00:09,500
在1960—1964年期间，有6次尝试

3
00:00:09,500 --> 00:00:11,453
去火星的任务

4
00:00:12,100 --> 00:00:14,767
(rocket whines)
火箭声

5
00:00:15,100 --> 00:00:19,550
所有的都失败了

6
00:00:21,925 --> 00:00:25,350
现在到达红色星球的希望就是水手4号

7
00:00:25,350 --> 00:00:26,453
All stations on the Marinette,
水手号任务的所有站点，

8
00:00:26,453 --> 00:00:27,710
this is flight director.
我是任务指挥

9
00:00:27,710 --> 00:00:30,327
The ATC25 command has been sent.
ATC25命令已发送

10
00:00:31,350 --> 00:00:34,310
My job was chief engineer for Mariner 4.
我当时是水手4号的总工程师

11
00:00:34,310 --> 00:00:36,430
We're sending a spacecraft from Earth to Mars
我们要从地球发射飞船到火星

12
00:00:36,430 --> 00:00:38,580
on a journey that's gonna last nine months.
一次持续九个月的长途旅行

13
00:00:38,580 --> 00:00:41,403
Half the distance to the sun, almost.
距离火星差不多是距离太阳的一半

14
00:00:42,650 --> 00:00:45,269
You're plowing new ground.
你在开拓新的领域

15
00:00:45,269 --> 00:00:46,707
All stations stand by for
所有站点待命

16
00:00:46,707 --> 00:00:48,010
status reports and--
等候状态报告和——

17
00:00:48,010 --> 00:00:50,000
The launch was a little bit scary
发射的时候有点担惊受怕

18
00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:54,850
because maybe half the launches blew up on the pad,
因为可能有一半的发射都会在发射台上爆炸，

19
00:00:54,850 --> 00:00:57,740
and there was a lot of other failures.
还有很多其他的失败

20
00:00:57,740 --> 00:00:59,910
They have affirmed.
他们肯定了

21
00:00:59,910 --> 00:01:00,980
Spacecraft--
飞船--

22
00:01:00,980 --> 00:01:02,860
The reason people come down to watch a launch
人们来观看发射的原因

23
00:01:02,860 --> 00:01:05,073
is they're hoping to see an explosion.
他们希望看到爆炸的场面

24
00:01:06,980 --> 00:01:09,550
That's usually the period of time
那真的是一段时间

25
00:01:09,550 --> 00:01:12,353
where things, if they're gonna go wrong, do go wrong.
如果事情会出错，就一定要出错

26
00:01:13,380 --> 00:01:15,287
Six, five, four, three.
六，五，四，三

27
00:01:16,962 --> 00:01:17,795
(rocket engine rumbles)
火箭发动机声

28
00:01:17,795 --> 00:01:19,863
Two, one, zero.
二，一，零

29
00:01:19,863 --> 00:01:21,490
This thing could fail.
这东西可能失败

30
00:01:22,999 --> 00:01:23,832
Ignition.
点火

31
00:01:23,832 --> 00:01:25,284
(rocket engine rumbles)
火箭发动机轰鸣

32
00:01:25,284 --> 00:01:28,034
(dramatic music)
音乐声

33
00:01:33,161 --> 00:01:37,865
Lift off, roger, 0.3 seconds.
起飞，收到，0.3秒

34
00:01:37,865 --> 00:01:40,146
We're on our way, roger.
我们在路上，收到

35
00:01:40,146 --> 00:01:42,896
(dramatic music)
音乐声

36
00:01:44,810 --> 00:01:45,870
I think for Mariner 4,
我想对水手4号来说，

37
00:01:45,870 --> 00:01:48,510
there's a great sense of hope.
有一种强烈的期待

38
00:01:48,510 --> 00:01:51,790
(dramatic music)
音乐声

39
00:01:51,790 --> 00:01:54,650
Mars has a sense of romance about it because it's a place.
火星有一种浪漫的感觉，因为它是一个地方

40
00:01:54,650 --> 00:01:56,526
It's a planet; it's another world.
这是一颗行星；这是另一个世界

41
00:01:56,526 --> 00:01:58,310
All stations, this is Ace 1.
各站，这里是1号

42
00:01:58,310 --> 00:02:00,450
It's as close as we can see in the solar system
它是在太阳系中所能看到的，距离我们很近

43
00:02:00,450 --> 00:02:02,002
to something being Earth-like.
的类地球行星

44
00:02:02,002 --> 00:02:04,750
We'd like to report the spacecraft is sun acquired.
我们想说这是绕太阳的飞船

45
00:02:04,750 --> 00:02:06,620
You're doing something for the first time.
这是第一次做到

46
00:02:06,620 --> 00:02:10,410
The prospects and possibilities are really enticing.
展望和前景真的很吸引人

47
00:02:10,410 --> 00:02:11,660
Are we alone?
我们是孤单的吗？

48
00:02:11,660 --> 00:02:13,680
What story does Mars have for Earth?
火星能告诉地球什么故事？

49
00:02:13,680 --> 00:02:15,147
It's the stuff of dreams.
这是梦想

50
00:02:15,147 --> 00:02:17,360
(dramatic music)
音乐声

51
00:02:17,360 --> 00:02:19,740
I think Mars has held the fascination of the public
我认为火星一直吸引着公众

52
00:02:19,740 --> 00:02:21,660
because we've had these visions,
因为我们有这些幻想，

53
00:02:21,660 --> 00:02:24,060
thanks to science and science fiction,
多亏了科学和科幻小说，

54
00:02:24,060 --> 00:02:25,860
that it was this place where there
就是在这个地方

55
00:02:25,860 --> 00:02:28,055
was a thriving alien civilization.
有繁荣的外星文明

56
00:02:28,055 --> 00:02:31,270
(dramatic music)
音乐声

57
00:02:31,270 --> 00:02:35,670
Percival Lowell wrote several books on Mars
珀西瓦尔·洛厄尔写了几本关于火星

58
00:02:35,670 --> 00:02:38,133
and its past civilizations.
及其过去文明的书

59
00:02:39,970 --> 00:02:44,253
He talked of canals being built to transport water.
他写到修建运河是为了运输水

60
00:02:45,460 --> 00:02:47,880
Aliens and Mars have been hooked together
外星人和火星已经绑在一起了

61
00:02:47,880 --> 00:02:49,763
ever since those early days.
从这个时候开始

62
00:02:50,770 --> 00:02:53,660
I remember hearing when I was in grade school
我记得在小学的时候就听说过

63
00:02:53,660 --> 00:02:57,130
that there might even be intelligent life up there.
在那里可能有智能生命

64
00:02:57,130 --> 00:02:59,723
Might even be more intelligent than on Earth.
甚至可能比地球人还聪明

65
00:03:01,711 --> 00:03:04,060
It was a just a total, total unknown.
这都是完全未知数

66
00:03:05,633 --> 00:03:07,383
People didn't know.
人们不知道

67
00:03:08,537 --> 00:03:10,370
Welcome, Number One.
欢迎，第一

68
00:03:11,813 --> 00:03:14,625
(dramatic music)
音乐声

69
00:03:14,625 --> 00:03:20,275
Secrets of the Solar System：Mars
太阳系的秘密：火星

70
00:03:21,208 --> 00:03:24,486
This is Mariner Control Center at JPL.
这是JPL的水手号控制中心

71
00:03:24,486 --> 00:03:29,486
Mariner is 134.217 million miles from Earth,
水手号距地球13421.7万英里，

72
00:03:29,520 --> 00:03:32,423
and 50,142 miles from Mars.
距火星50142英里

73
00:03:34,270 --> 00:03:36,580
So it's July of 1965,
1965年7月，

74
00:03:36,580 --> 00:03:39,915
and we're about to have this encounter with Mars.
我们即将与火星相遇

75
00:03:39,915 --> 00:03:41,350
2815.
2815

76
00:03:41,350 --> 00:03:43,860
We received a signal that means
我们收到的信号意味着

77
00:03:43,860 --> 00:03:46,623
the spacecraft had detected the planet.
飞船已经探测到了这颗行星

78
00:03:46,623 --> 00:03:48,812
0.74 degrees from where we wanna be.
离我们想去的地方偏了0.74度

79
00:03:48,812 --> 00:03:50,053
Yeah, I noticed that.
是的，我注意到了

80
00:03:50,053 --> 00:03:53,303
We'd all gathered together.
我们都聚集在一起

81
00:03:55,080 --> 00:03:57,214
Lot of people had their fingers crossed.
很多人交叉手指祝福

82
00:03:57,214 --> 00:03:59,574
Other people are smoking cigarettes.
有些人在抽烟

83
00:03:59,574 --> 00:04:00,957
About 12 minutes from now,
大约12分钟后，

84
00:04:00,957 --> 00:04:04,000
we should be able to determine that the recorder is running.
我们应该能够确定录像机正在运行

85
00:04:04,000 --> 00:04:06,110
Although we will not be able to determine definitely
尽管我们无法确定

86
00:04:06,110 --> 00:04:09,080
whether pictures are actually being recorded on the tape
录像带上是否有照片

87
00:04:09,080 --> 00:04:11,634
until they are played back.
直到它们被回放

88
00:04:11,634 --> 00:04:14,384
(dramatic music)
音乐声

89
00:04:16,025 --> 00:04:19,275
距地球1.24亿英里

90
00:04:29,660 --> 00:04:32,110
The flyby itself takes a matter of hours.
飞掠火星本身需要几个小时

91
00:04:34,009 --> 00:04:36,592
(gentle music)
音乐声

92
00:04:42,030 --> 00:04:44,510
The spacecraft automatically took
宇宙飞船自动地拍摄了

93
00:04:44,510 --> 00:04:48,101
a set of about 22 pictures.
一组大约22张照片

94
00:04:48,101 --> 00:04:51,332
(dramatic music)
音乐声

95
00:04:51,332 --> 00:04:53,120
Picture will cover an area of approximately
图片将覆盖大约

96
00:04:53,120 --> 00:04:57,246
176 miles square on the sunlit rim of the planet.
176英里见方，位于太阳照耀下的星球

97
00:04:57,246 --> 00:04:59,996
(dramatic music)
音乐声

98
00:05:02,380 --> 00:05:03,440
There's some cheering,
有人欢呼，

99
00:05:03,440 --> 00:05:08,440
but mainly it's just relief that yeah, we did it.
但主要是松了一口气，我们终于做到了

100
00:05:09,171 --> 00:05:12,360
(dramatic music)
音乐声

101
00:05:12,360 --> 00:05:17,360
What are we gonna do when we see H-E-L-P
当我们看到救命（HELP）的时候该怎么办

102
00:05:17,500 --> 00:05:18,915
stamped out in the sand?
如果在沙子上出现了字母？

103
00:05:18,915 --> 00:05:21,506
(man laughs)
笑声

104
00:05:21,506 --> 00:05:22,339
The scientific instruments
科学仪器正在

105
00:05:22,339 --> 00:05:24,630
are sending back data, and that's of interest,
发回数据，这很有趣，

106
00:05:24,630 --> 00:05:27,330
but of course what we're waiting for are the pictures.
但我们当然在等照片

107
00:05:27,330 --> 00:05:30,080
(dramatic music)
音乐声

108
00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:33,110
The pictures were everything.
照片才是一切

109
00:05:35,576 --> 00:05:36,409
But--
但是

110
00:05:39,283 --> 00:05:41,383
The picture-taking sequence
拍照的顺序

111
00:05:41,383 --> 00:05:43,093
was not precisely as predicted.
并不像预期的那样准确

112
00:05:44,324 --> 00:05:46,773
There were some anomalies in the telemetry.
遥测中有些异常

113
00:05:48,180 --> 00:05:50,570
The last I heard, there was some funny business
最后听说，有件有趣的事

114
00:05:50,570 --> 00:05:52,320
in the first 10 picture recordings.
在拍前10张照片的时候

115
00:05:54,654 --> 00:05:57,230
There were extra stop record signals.
有额外的停止记录信号

116
00:05:58,220 --> 00:06:02,130
So there was speculation that the tape recorder
所以有人猜测录像机是过早启动，

117
00:06:02,130 --> 00:06:04,283
had started and then stopped early.
然后又过早停止

118
00:06:06,560 --> 00:06:09,890
The mission operators and our bosses,
任务负责人和我们的老板，

119
00:06:09,890 --> 00:06:11,643
they thought the worst.
他们做了最坏打算

120
00:06:13,070 --> 00:06:14,820
The TV system, which should have turned
原本应该打开和关闭录像机的

121
00:06:14,820 --> 00:06:17,937
the tape recorder on and off, may have failed.
电视系统可能出了故障

122
00:06:19,788 --> 00:06:22,538
(dramatic music)
音乐声

123
00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:31,720
The next morning, we were wanting to handle the issue
第二天早上，我们想处理这个问题

124
00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:35,120
of proving to the bosses that the tape recorder was working.
向老板证明录像机在工作

125
00:06:37,720 --> 00:06:40,613
There was a artist's shop on the way to work.
在去上班的路上有一家美术商店

126
00:06:42,270 --> 00:06:44,570
So they bought these crayons called pastels,
所以他们买了这些彩色蜡笔，

127
00:06:46,800 --> 00:06:48,532
then took them back up to JPL.
然后把它们带回JPL

128
00:06:48,532 --> 00:06:51,020
(machine whines)
机器声

129
00:06:51,020 --> 00:06:53,510
This data's coming back out of a teletype machine.
这些数据是从电传打字机里出来的

130
00:06:53,510 --> 00:06:56,730
It's going tunk, tunk, tunk, tunk, tunk, tunk, tunk, tunk.
它就嗒，嗒，嗒，嗒，嗒，嗒，嗒，嗒

131
00:06:56,730 --> 00:06:58,960
And then you had to take scissors and cut them up
然后你不得不拿剪刀把它们剪了

132
00:06:58,960 --> 00:07:02,463
into strips and then mount those up on a board on the wall.
把它们做成条状，然后贴在墙上的木板上

133
00:07:03,760 --> 00:07:06,128
The numbers represented the intensity
数字代表了强度

134
00:07:06,128 --> 00:07:08,183
of light at one pixel.
一个像素的光点

135
00:07:10,120 --> 00:07:12,470
Each one of those numbers, he assigned a color.
每一个数字，他都指定了一种颜色

136
00:07:14,670 --> 00:07:19,628
And in that way, you assemble a paint-by-number picture.
这样，你就可以组成一幅按数字绘制的图片

137
00:07:19,628 --> 00:07:22,378
(dramatic music)
音乐声

138
00:07:25,689 --> 00:07:28,772
The picture was about 40,000 numbers.
这张照片大约有4万个数字

139
00:07:30,960 --> 00:07:32,540
The word spread.
这个消息传开了

140
00:07:32,540 --> 00:07:34,200
Other people started joining in,
其他人开始加入，

141
00:07:34,200 --> 00:07:36,375
cutting tape, and coloring.
剪纸，涂色

142
00:07:36,375 --> 00:07:39,350
(dramatic music)
音乐声

143
00:07:39,350 --> 00:07:41,650
And it took eight hours to finish the picture.
花了八个小时才完成这幅画

144
00:07:44,161 --> 00:07:46,493
When we saw the final image,
当我们看到最后的图像时，

145
00:07:50,630 --> 00:07:53,413
we had accidentally created a piece of art.
我们无意中创造了一件艺术品

146
00:07:54,331 --> 00:07:57,081
(dramatic music)
音乐声

147
00:08:04,146 --> 00:08:08,646
And then, a TV crew arrived and broadcast the picture.
然后，一个电视台的工作人员赶到并报道了这张照片

148
00:08:14,776 --> 00:08:18,410
And it represented the first image of Mars taken
它代表了第一张火星照片

149
00:08:18,410 --> 00:08:20,673
from any place but the surface of the Earth.
从地球表面以外的地方拍摄的第一张图像

150
00:08:22,630 --> 00:08:24,833
And it was really a stunning thing to see.
这真是一件令人惊叹的事情

151
00:08:26,940 --> 00:08:28,190
The colors were vivid.
颜色很生动

152
00:08:28,190 --> 00:08:30,688
It was very saturated and beautiful.
它是非常饱满和美丽的

153
00:08:30,688 --> 00:08:33,438
(dramatic music)
音乐声

154
00:08:35,560 --> 00:08:36,763
It was really striking.
真是太惊人了

155
00:08:41,300 --> 00:08:44,612
So when you finally saw the real photographs--
所以当你终于看到真正的照片--

156
00:08:44,612 --> 00:08:45,471
Face down, right?
正面朝下，是吗？

157
00:08:45,471 --> 00:08:47,500
Yeah, face down.
是，正面朝下

158
00:08:47,500 --> 00:08:50,250
(dramatic music)
音乐声

159
00:08:52,367 --> 00:08:57,037
It was this horrid-looking, gray, dead world.
这是一个可怕的，灰色，死亡的世界

160
00:08:57,037 --> 00:08:59,787
(dramatic music)
音乐声

161
00:09:03,949 --> 00:09:07,100
When the Mariner's pictures came back,
当水手号的照片发回来时，

162
00:09:07,100 --> 00:09:09,430
all it showed was craters just like the moon.
它所显示的只是像月球一样的陨石坑

163
00:09:09,430 --> 00:09:11,393
It was kind of a big disappointment.
真的让人失望

164
00:09:12,270 --> 00:09:15,020
(dramatic music)
音乐声

165
00:09:19,020 --> 00:09:24,020
It didn't show any indications of canals
它没有显示任何运河的迹象

166
00:09:24,430 --> 00:09:26,253
and past civilizations.
以及过去的文明

167
00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:30,917
It was a letdown.
让人沮丧

168
00:09:30,917 --> 00:09:33,667
(dramatic music)
音乐声

169
00:09:34,880 --> 00:09:37,680
For the public, who had grown up with this idea
对公众来说，他们从小就有这个想法

170
00:09:37,680 --> 00:09:40,880
of Mars as a place that could be thought of
火星曾是一个可以想象为

171
00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:45,880
as another Earth, that whole Martian empire
另一个地球的地方，然而整个火星帝国

172
00:09:46,590 --> 00:09:49,073
was just smashed to red dust in an instant.
瞬间被粉碎为一片红色尘土

173
00:09:51,070 --> 00:09:52,223
This planet died.
这颗星球死了

174
00:09:54,870 --> 00:09:55,913
Mars died.
火星死掉了

175
00:09:56,840 --> 00:09:59,590
(dramatic music)
音乐声

176
00:10:02,160 --> 00:10:04,280
Mariner 6 and 7 come along.
水手6号和水手7号也发射了

177
00:10:04,280 --> 00:10:07,030
(dramatic music)
音乐声

178
00:10:08,660 --> 00:10:10,550
Mariner 6 sent back 75 images.
水手6号发回75张图片

179
00:10:10,550 --> 00:10:13,180
Mariner 7 sent back 125.
水手7号发回125张

180
00:10:13,180 --> 00:10:14,530
They're still very limited.
它们仍然非常有限

181
00:10:16,840 --> 00:10:18,793
It's just a flyby, right?
只是飞掠而已，对吧？

182
00:10:19,794 --> 00:10:22,330
(rocket engine rumbles)
火箭发动机声

183
00:10:22,330 --> 00:10:25,800
So Mariner 9 comes along in 1971.
所以水手9号在1971年发射

184
00:10:25,800 --> 00:10:28,130
Public interest is starting to wane.
公众的兴趣开始减弱

185
00:10:28,130 --> 00:10:30,320
There's a certain ennui about
有点倦怠了

186
00:10:30,320 --> 00:10:31,880
we've been there, we've done that.
我们已经到了那里，做到了

187
00:10:31,880 --> 00:10:33,358
What's the big deal?
还有什么大不了的？

188
00:10:33,358 --> 00:10:37,100
(rocket engine rumbles)
火箭发动机声

189
00:10:37,100 --> 00:10:39,810
Unfortunately, as we approached the planet,
不幸的是，当我们接近这颗星球时，

190
00:10:39,810 --> 00:10:42,383
we realize that there's this huge dust storm
我们意识到有一场巨大的沙尘暴

191
00:10:42,383 --> 00:10:45,553
that was pretty well masking everything on the surface.
完全地掩盖了表面上的一切

192
00:10:45,553 --> 00:10:48,303
(dramatic music)
音乐声

193
00:10:56,250 --> 00:11:01,250
Mariner 9 was reprogrammed by NASA to hold back.
美国宇航局对“水手9号”上传了新代码，进入待命状态

194
00:11:01,301 --> 00:11:04,134
(dramatic music)
音乐声

195
00:11:05,130 --> 00:11:08,400
We had no idea how long the storm was going to last,
我们不知道风暴要持续多久，

196
00:11:08,400 --> 00:11:13,400
and this is critical because we were using up resources
这很关键，因为我们正在耗尽飞船的资源

197
00:11:14,060 --> 00:11:17,942
on the spacecraft and we're getting a little concerned.
我们开始有点担心

198
00:11:17,942 --> 00:11:20,692
(dramatic music)
音乐声

199
00:11:33,468 --> 00:11:36,885
The dust storm lasted about three months.
沙尘暴持续了大约三个月

200
00:11:43,470 --> 00:11:48,470
Fortunately, the planet started to clear.
幸运的是，星球逐渐开始清晰

201
00:11:48,966 --> 00:11:51,716
(dramatic music)
音乐声

202
00:11:59,364 --> 00:12:03,532
And it revealed all these incredible geologic features.
它显示出所有这些不可思议的地质特征

203
00:12:03,532 --> 00:12:06,282
(dramatic music)
音乐声

204
00:12:07,162 --> 00:12:09,645
It was a geologic wonderland.
那是一个地质奇境

205
00:12:09,645 --> 00:12:12,395
(dramatic music)
音乐声

206
00:12:14,830 --> 00:12:16,723
There are channels.
有沟渠

207
00:12:16,723 --> 00:12:19,473
(dramatic music)
音乐声

208
00:12:20,841 --> 00:12:21,741
There are canyons.
有峡谷

209
00:12:22,638 --> 00:12:25,690
(dramatic music)
音乐声

210
00:12:25,690 --> 00:12:28,150
There's this huge canyon that was
有一个巨大的峡谷

211
00:12:28,150 --> 00:12:31,407
as long as the United States is wide.
和美国的宽度一样长

212
00:12:31,407 --> 00:12:33,950
(dramatic music)
音乐声

213
00:12:33,950 --> 00:12:37,684
There were things that really shook our foundation.
有些事情真的动摇了我们掌握的基本原理

214
00:12:37,684 --> 00:12:40,736
(dramatic music)
音乐声

215
00:12:40,736 --> 00:12:43,664
And Olympus Mons is that object.
奥林匹斯山就是那个标志

216
00:12:43,664 --> 00:12:46,414
(dramatic music)
音乐声

217
00:12:47,967 --> 00:12:50,160
If you stuck in on the United States,
如果你把奥林匹斯山放在美国，

218
00:12:50,160 --> 00:12:52,483
you would cover the state of Missouri.
就能盖住密苏里州

219
00:12:53,485 --> 00:12:55,260
(dramatic music)
音乐声

220
00:12:55,260 --> 00:13:00,023
The top is almost poking out of the atmosphere of Mars.
顶部几乎从火星的大气层中探出

221
00:13:03,270 --> 00:13:05,560
Mars is just an incredibly different planet
火星只是一个完全不同的星球

222
00:13:05,560 --> 00:13:08,044
from what we had expected.
距离我们的期望甚远

223
00:13:08,044 --> 00:13:11,020
(dramatic music)
音乐声

224
00:13:11,020 --> 00:13:14,780
You could see waning channels and teardrop-shaped ions.
你可以看到冲毁的渠道和泪滴状的点子

225
00:13:14,780 --> 00:13:18,333
Everything you could tell had been molded by some flow.
你所发现的一切都是由某种流动形成的

226
00:13:20,230 --> 00:13:23,090
The only reasonable expectation was that
唯一合理的想法是

227
00:13:23,090 --> 00:13:26,494
these were eroded by large water floods.
这些都是大洪水侵蚀的痕迹

228
00:13:26,494 --> 00:13:29,712
(dramatic music)
音乐声

229
00:13:29,712 --> 00:13:33,617
You see deltas, like the end of the Nile delta
你看到三角洲，就像尼罗河三角洲

230
00:13:35,950 --> 00:13:39,740
that flowed into a low area which must have been
流入了一片低洼地区

231
00:13:39,740 --> 00:13:41,453
the ancient ocean of Mars.
一定是古代的火星海洋

232
00:13:44,096 --> 00:13:46,270
Of course, I mean it was beyond anybody's expectation,
当然，我是说这超出了任何人的预料，

233
00:13:46,270 --> 00:13:47,920
even the canal builders (laughs).
甚至运河的建造者（笑声）

234
00:13:50,860 --> 00:13:53,573
Mars was a blue planet in its past.
火星过去是一颗蓝色的行星

235
00:13:54,700 --> 00:13:58,193
The question now is was that enough to start life?
现在的问题是，这是否足以创造出生命？

236
00:14:01,030 --> 00:14:04,753
We need to go to Mars with a life mission.
我们要带着探测生命的任务去火星

237
00:14:06,226 --> 00:14:08,976
(dramatic music)
音乐声

238
00:14:11,220 --> 00:14:14,263
The next mission to Mars was gonna be the Viking mission.
下一个火星任务是海盗号任务

239
00:14:15,240 --> 00:14:17,070
Now, this was the most ambitious mission
现在，这是最雄心勃勃的任务

240
00:14:17,070 --> 00:14:19,402
that had ever been launched to Mars.
被发射到火星上

241
00:14:19,402 --> 00:14:21,450
It had not one, but two orbiters.
它不止一个，而是两个轨道器

242
00:14:21,450 --> 00:14:22,860
More than that, for the first time ever,
更重要的是，有史以来第一次，

243
00:14:22,860 --> 00:14:25,493
NASA was gonna attempt to land a craft on Mars.
美国宇航局打算在火星上着陆

244
00:14:26,620 --> 00:14:27,910
These were two separate landers,
这是两个独立的着陆器，

245
00:14:27,910 --> 00:14:29,280
each of which had high-tech
每一个都有高科技的

246
00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:31,910
stereo cameras, a robotic arm.
立体摄像机和一个机械臂

247
00:14:31,910 --> 00:14:33,600
Perhaps most importantly though,
也许最重要的是，

248
00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:35,090
they had the science experiments that
他们进行了科学实验，

249
00:14:35,090 --> 00:14:36,643
they hoped would detect life.
希望能探测到生命

250
00:14:37,840 --> 00:14:40,168
Nothing like this had been tried before.
像这样的事以前从没有试过

251
00:14:40,168 --> 00:14:41,960
(dramatic music)
音乐声

252
00:14:41,960 --> 00:14:43,910
People had to invent everything:
做任务的人必须发明一切：

253
00:14:43,910 --> 00:14:47,693
heat shields, parachutes, throttable engines to land.
隔热板，降落伞，着陆的火箭发动机

254
00:14:48,540 --> 00:14:50,404
We had to invent it all as we went.
我们得边干边研究

255
00:14:50,404 --> 00:14:52,640
(dramatic music)
音乐声

256
00:14:52,640 --> 00:14:53,473
minus Ten, nine, eight, seven.
倒数10,9,8,7

257
00:14:54,660 --> 00:14:56,310
This is like the first cathedral,
这就像第一座大教堂，

258
00:14:56,310 --> 00:14:59,768
the first Renaissance voyage over the oceans.
文艺复兴时期的第一次跨海航行

259
00:14:59,768 --> 00:15:01,140
Two, one.
2,1

260
00:15:01,140 --> 00:15:02,643
But it's to another planet.
但这是去另一颗星球

261
00:15:03,554 --> 00:15:04,387
(rocket engine roars)
火箭发动机轰鸣

262
00:15:04,387 --> 00:15:05,340
Ignition.
点火

263
00:15:05,340 --> 00:15:07,193
That's big stuff.
那是件大事

264
00:15:08,746 --> 00:15:11,079
Liftoff, liftoff.
起飞，升空

265
00:15:12,370 --> 00:15:15,570
This was the culmination of years and years of work,
这是多年工作的成效，

266
00:15:15,570 --> 00:15:20,570
so it was a lot of this as we watched it go up,
所以当我们看着它上升的时候百感交集，

267
00:15:21,120 --> 00:15:23,392
but it went up just beautifully.
但它只是那么优美地起飞

268
00:15:23,392 --> 00:15:26,142
(dramatic music)
音乐声

269
00:15:32,030 --> 00:15:34,450
Well, between the launch and arrival at Mars
哦，从起飞到火星中间

270
00:15:34,450 --> 00:15:35,964
was about nine months.
大约9个月

271
00:15:35,964 --> 00:15:38,714
(dramatic music)
音乐声

272
00:15:42,890 --> 00:15:44,950
We had no idea what to expect,
我们不知道会发生什么

273
00:15:44,950 --> 00:15:46,750
even some very basic things
甚至一些很基本的东西

274
00:15:46,750 --> 00:15:48,750
like what was the footing like (laughs).
比如踩上去是什么样的（笑声）

275
00:15:49,850 --> 00:15:54,020
Were we gonna sink into a meter of dust?
会不会陷进1米厚的松软尘土里？

276
00:15:54,020 --> 00:15:56,280
Good roll, attitude roll.
很好，角度很好

277
00:15:56,280 --> 00:15:59,361
Give me post quarter back, firmware fired.
15分钟前信息返回，发动机点火了

278
00:15:59,361 --> 00:16:00,610
There's no question whatsoever
毫无疑问的

279
00:16:00,610 --> 00:16:02,630
that landing on Mars was one of the most
登陆火星是最

280
00:16:02,630 --> 00:16:04,290
difficult technological jobs
困难的技术难题

281
00:16:04,290 --> 00:16:06,392
that the human species has ever tried.
人类曾经尝试过的

282
00:16:06,392 --> 00:16:09,070
ACS confirms coordinate transformation change.
ACS确认坐标转换

283
00:16:09,070 --> 00:16:10,682
We released the lander.
我们释放了登陆器

284
00:16:10,682 --> 00:16:12,027
You have flight.
飞行控制中

285
00:16:12,027 --> 00:16:13,258
We have jet minus 105.1.
飞行角度-105.1

286
00:16:13,258 --> 00:16:14,517
Three is in sync.
3个是同步的

287
00:16:14,517 --> 00:16:18,990
And at that point, it is going thousands of miles an hour
在那时，它的时速很高

288
00:16:18,990 --> 00:16:21,529
as it hits the Martian atmosphere.
当它进入火星大气层的时候

289
00:16:21,529 --> 00:16:22,930
59,000 feet coming up on--
59000英尺高--

290
00:16:22,930 --> 00:16:25,570
So the air shell slows you down,
所以隔热罩减缓了速度，

291
00:16:25,570 --> 00:16:28,520
you're still going faster than the speed of sound.
但这个速度还是比音速快

292
00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:30,836
Burn, lander confirmed, parachute deployed.
燃烧，着陆器确认，降落伞展开

293
00:16:30,836 --> 00:16:32,670
We have one, we have two.
第一步确认，第二步确认

294
00:16:32,670 --> 00:16:35,208
Then the supersonic parachute is deployed.
然后超音速降落伞展开

295
00:16:35,208 --> 00:16:36,860
Link deployed.
链接已上线

296
00:16:36,860 --> 00:16:40,349
At one mile in altitude, the parachute was jettisoned.
在一英里高空，降落伞被抛掉了

297
00:16:40,349 --> 00:16:41,920
The parachute separation okay.
降落伞分离成功

298
00:16:41,920 --> 00:16:44,670
So then we have to fire the engines
然后我们得把发动机点火

299
00:16:44,670 --> 00:16:46,514
all the way to the ground.
一直降落到地面上

300
00:16:46,514 --> 00:16:48,550
188 feet per second.
每秒188英尺

301
00:16:48,550 --> 00:16:51,258
We were holding our breath each and every moment.
我们时刻都在屏住呼吸

302
00:16:51,258 --> 00:16:53,499
(dramatic music)
音乐声

303
00:16:53,499 --> 00:16:54,957
It had never been done before.
以前从未做过的事

304
00:16:54,957 --> 00:16:56,817
Feet per second.Come on.
每秒几英尺，加油

305
00:16:56,817 --> 00:16:58,603
ACS is close to vertical.
ACS接近垂直

306
00:16:58,603 --> 00:17:00,027
Feet first time.
每秒速度降到英尺

307
00:17:00,027 --> 00:17:01,600
ACS is green, 1.5 feet per second max.
ACS良好，每秒不超过1.5英尺

308
00:17:02,942 --> 00:17:05,692
(dramatic music)
音乐声

309
00:17:15,850 --> 00:17:16,793
Touchdown, we have.
着陆，有了！

310
00:17:16,793 --> 00:17:18,885
(men cheer)
欢呼声

311
00:17:18,885 --> 00:17:20,802
Fantastic, 16 kilobits.
太棒了，16kb

312
00:17:22,314 --> 00:17:24,014
(men cheer)
欢呼声

313
00:17:24,014 --> 00:17:26,762
Hold it, hold it.
稳住，稳住

314
00:17:26,762 --> 00:17:30,003
Yes, we have a touchdown time of 12 hours,
是的，我们的触地时间是12小时

315
00:17:30,003 --> 00:17:32,836
12 minutes, 07 decimal one second.
12分07.1秒

316
00:17:35,810 --> 00:17:38,290
What we knew when it landed on the surface
当它降落在地面时我们所知道的

317
00:17:38,290 --> 00:17:42,010
was only that a signal was being transmitted.
只是一个信号正在被传送

318
00:17:42,010 --> 00:17:43,313
We knew nothing else.
我们没有其他的信息

319
00:17:44,230 --> 00:17:46,043
We had to wait 40 minutes.
必须等待40分钟

320
00:17:46,920 --> 00:17:51,260
Waiting for the data to start coming up.
等待数据开始传输过来

321
00:17:51,260 --> 00:17:55,363
The landing camera, it basically scanned like this.
着陆摄像机，基本上是这样拍的

322
00:17:57,250 --> 00:17:59,870
There's a rare piece of information coming in.
有一条信息碎片传来

323
00:17:59,870 --> 00:18:03,440
Strips of the picture became available,
能看到条状的图片了

324
00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:05,373
little by little by little.
一点又一点又一点

325
00:18:07,230 --> 00:18:09,469
All right, a few rocks.
好了，一些石头

326
00:18:09,469 --> 00:18:11,800
Oh, that's beautiful.
哦，很漂亮

327
00:18:11,800 --> 00:18:13,534
May not look like much, but it's lovely.
也许看起来不太符合期待，但很可爱

328
00:18:13,534 --> 00:18:14,367
(man laughs)
笑声

329
00:18:14,367 --> 00:18:15,710
Started seeing some dirt,
先是看到一些土，

330
00:18:15,710 --> 00:18:17,410
then we started seeing some rocks.
可以看到一些石头

331
00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:21,960
Then we started seeing more rocks.
然后我们看到更多的石头

332
00:18:21,960 --> 00:18:22,793
It's just incredible
真是不可思议

333
00:18:22,793 --> 00:18:25,470
to see that Mars is really there.
亲眼看到火星在那里

334
00:18:25,470 --> 00:18:27,513
Then we started seeing the footpad.
然后我们看到了支撑板

335
00:18:29,779 --> 00:18:31,897
(group applauds)
（集体鼓掌）

336
00:18:31,897 --> 00:18:34,647
(dramatic music)
音乐声

337
00:18:40,590 --> 00:18:45,590
Seeing that first picture back was just thrilling.
看到第一张照片传回来真是太刺激了

338
00:18:46,040 --> 00:18:47,293
It was revolutionary.
这是革命性的成果

339
00:18:49,638 --> 00:18:51,971
(cork pops)
软木塞弹出

340
00:18:53,530 --> 00:18:56,958
I felt this was a more thrilling moment than Apollo 11.
我觉得这是一个比阿波罗11号更激动人心的时刻

341
00:18:56,958 --> 00:18:59,708
(dramatic music)
音乐声

342
00:19:01,170 --> 00:19:04,070
Some hours later, the first image of the horizon comes in.
几个小时后，地平线的第一个图像出现了

343
00:19:06,130 --> 00:19:07,603
And that did elicit gasps.
这真是让人喘不过气来

344
00:19:09,457 --> 00:19:12,207
(dramatic music)
音乐声

345
00:19:18,690 --> 00:19:20,256
Well, the first pictures from each
好吧，两个海盗号传回的

346
00:19:20,256 --> 00:19:21,670
of the two Viking landers
第一张照片

347
00:19:21,670 --> 00:19:25,340
were each moments in human history to be remembered.
都是人类历史上值得铭记的时刻

348
00:19:25,340 --> 00:19:28,090
(dramatic music)
音乐声

349
00:19:29,070 --> 00:19:31,160
They were geological snapshots
它们是地质快照

350
00:19:31,160 --> 00:19:33,153
into the workings of another world.
领我们进入另一个世界

351
00:19:34,980 --> 00:19:36,953
It was a world with climate.
这是一个有气候的世界

352
00:19:39,530 --> 00:19:42,763
We saw frost condesates form on Mars.
我们看到火星上有霜凝结

353
00:19:45,330 --> 00:19:48,632
We saw the sunset; we took early morning sunrise.
我们看到了日落；我们拍摄了清晨的日出

354
00:19:48,632 --> 00:19:51,382
(dramatic music)
音乐声

355
00:19:53,652 --> 00:19:55,180
We watched dust storms over the period
我们看到了沙尘暴

356
00:19:55,180 --> 00:19:56,363
of hundreds of sols.
持续数百天

357
00:19:59,510 --> 00:20:00,873
It's not easily forgotten.
让人难以忘记

358
00:20:01,969 --> 00:20:04,640
(dramatic music)
音乐声

359
00:20:04,640 --> 00:20:08,440
We are the only generation that will ever explore
我们是探索的一代

360
00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:10,880
the solar system for the first time.
第一次去探索太阳系

361
00:20:14,230 --> 00:20:17,330
When we landed successfully on Mars,
当我们成功登陆火星时，

362
00:20:17,330 --> 00:20:19,530
humanity had for the first time
人类第一次

363
00:20:19,530 --> 00:20:22,083
become a category two species.
成为第二类文明

364
00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:27,360
A category one species is one whose sphere
一类文明生活在发源星球

365
00:20:27,360 --> 00:20:31,030
of influence is only its planet and its moons.
影响的只有它的行星和卫星

366
00:20:31,030 --> 00:20:33,710
A category two species reaches out
第二类文明出发探索

367
00:20:33,710 --> 00:20:36,347
and discovers what's in its solar system.
它所生存的恒星系

368
00:20:36,347 --> 00:20:39,097
(dramatic music)
音乐声

369
00:20:43,420 --> 00:20:47,083
We still knew there was everything ahead of us.
我们知道更多的还在前面

370
00:20:48,640 --> 00:20:51,370
We were just sort of dying to get our hands
我们急切地想摸到

371
00:20:51,370 --> 00:20:53,691
into the soil, so to speak.
火星的土壤，可以这么说

372
00:20:53,691 --> 00:20:55,300
(dramatic music)
音乐声

373
00:20:55,300 --> 00:20:57,740
We wanted to find out if there was life on Mars.
我们想知道火星上是否有生命

374
00:20:57,740 --> 00:21:00,047
Well, how do you do that back in that day?
但，那个时候你该怎么做呢？

375
00:21:01,670 --> 00:21:03,850
I understand that when proposals were
我知道那些提案

376
00:21:03,850 --> 00:21:06,240
submitted to send experiments to Mars
向火星发射的实验被提交，

377
00:21:06,240 --> 00:21:10,250
that one guy had submitted a proposal
有一个人提交了一份提案

378
00:21:10,250 --> 00:21:13,853
of just putting a little pan of food out there (laughs).
只是在那里放一小盘食物（笑声）

379
00:21:13,853 --> 00:21:16,853
(calm gentle music)
音乐声

380
00:21:18,920 --> 00:21:20,610
The life science experiments for Viking
海盗号的生命科学实验

381
00:21:20,610 --> 00:21:24,013
were fairly basic in design, but very ingenious.
在设计上相当基础，但非常巧妙

382
00:21:25,560 --> 00:21:29,963
We humans, we breathe in oxygen, but we exhale CO2.
我们人类，呼吸氧气，呼出二氧化碳

383
00:21:31,490 --> 00:21:35,460
Plants breathe in CO2 and they release oxygen.
植物吸入二氧化碳并释放氧气

384
00:21:35,460 --> 00:21:36,810
In other words, metabolism.
换句话说，新陈代谢

385
00:21:39,860 --> 00:21:42,370
The biology experiment on Viking
海盗号的生物实验

386
00:21:42,370 --> 00:21:45,010
had three separate investigations
有三个独立的调查

387
00:21:45,010 --> 00:21:49,053
and each one was testing for a different type of metabolism.
每个都在测试不同类型的新陈代谢

388
00:21:49,890 --> 00:21:52,910
When NASA accepted my experiment,
当美国宇航局接受我的实验时，

389
00:21:52,910 --> 00:21:55,970
we called it Gulliver because it was going
我们给它命名格列佛是因为它

390
00:21:55,970 --> 00:22:00,260
to a far-off place looking for tiny little beings.
要去一个遥远的地方寻找小生命

391
00:22:00,260 --> 00:22:03,640
But NASA changed it to a much more serious name,
但是美国宇航局把它改成了一个更严肃的名字，

392
00:22:03,640 --> 00:22:05,533
the Labeled Release Experiment.
标记释放实验

393
00:22:07,270 --> 00:22:09,870
I hated it; I really did.
我讨厌它，真的

394
00:22:09,870 --> 00:22:11,010
Such a dumb name.
这么愚蠢的名字

395
00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:15,507
(dramatic music)
音乐声

396
00:22:15,507 --> 00:22:17,150
(clock ticks)
钟表滴答声

397
00:22:17,150 --> 00:22:19,850
It took 12 days after Viking landed
海盗号着陆以后，我们花了12天

398
00:22:19,850 --> 00:22:23,120
before we conducted the first experiment.
开始进行第一次实验

399
00:22:23,120 --> 00:22:26,250
(dramatic music)
音乐声

400
00:22:26,250 --> 00:22:29,090
The Viking arm extends out
海盗的手臂伸出

401
00:22:29,090 --> 00:22:31,883
about 10 or 12 feet from the spacecraft.
飞船以外约10—12英尺

402
00:22:32,830 --> 00:22:35,210
(dramatic music)
音乐声

403
00:22:35,210 --> 00:22:39,380
It then is dragged back in, collecting its sample,
然后把它收回去，收集样本，

404
00:22:39,380 --> 00:22:42,885
which it puts into a sample distribution box.
放进样品分发箱

405
00:22:42,885 --> 00:22:45,260
(dramatic music)
音乐声

406
00:22:45,260 --> 00:22:49,503
Samples are then distributed to the individual experiments.
然后将样本分配给各个实验

407
00:22:50,612 --> 00:22:52,670
(clock ticks)
钟表滴答声

408
00:22:52,670 --> 00:22:55,725
The experiment ran for seven days.
实验进行了七天

409
00:22:55,725 --> 00:22:58,475
(dramatic music)
音乐声

410
00:23:00,370 --> 00:23:02,310
To say that there's life on Mars
如果说火星上有生命

411
00:23:02,310 --> 00:23:06,150
would be an astronomical discovery,
将是一个天文发现，

412
00:23:06,150 --> 00:23:08,698
probably the a greatest discovery ever ever.
可能是有史以来最伟大的发现

413
00:23:08,698 --> 00:23:11,448
(dramatic music)
音乐声

414
00:23:13,670 --> 00:23:16,060
It was 10 days before the first data
10天后的才拿到第一个数据

415
00:23:16,060 --> 00:23:18,377
came in from the Labeled Release experiment.
来自标记释放实验

416
00:23:18,377 --> 00:23:21,270
(clock ticks)
钟表滴答声

417
00:23:21,270 --> 00:23:24,130
I was surrounded by several members of the team,
我被几个团队成员围着，

418
00:23:24,130 --> 00:23:29,130
including Gil, and I hit the print button and we all waited.
包括吉尔在内，我按了打印键，大家都等着

419
00:23:30,402 --> 00:23:32,902
(clock ticks)
钟表滴答声

420
00:23:33,760 --> 00:23:36,113
Then all of a sudden, in a flash.
然后突然，在一瞬间

421
00:23:36,113 --> 00:23:38,863
(dramatic music)
音乐声

422
00:23:39,999 --> 00:23:42,949
There were the data points, and it was a positive response.
有数据显示，这是一个阳性结果

423
00:23:44,730 --> 00:23:49,093
I was stunned; "My God, it's positive," I said.
我惊呆了。“天哪，这是肯定的，”我说

424
00:23:50,930 --> 00:23:53,713
That's life, I know it, I know it when I see it.
这就是生命，我知道，我看到它就知道

425
00:23:54,965 --> 00:23:56,980
It was clearly a positive response.
这显然是一个阳性结果

426
00:23:56,980 --> 00:23:58,283
No questions about it.
没有疑问

427
00:24:01,680 --> 00:24:04,980
It appeared that there really was life there.
看来那里真的有生命

428
00:24:04,980 --> 00:24:07,010
(dramatic music)
音乐声

429
00:24:07,010 --> 00:24:09,703
I sent out for cigars and champagne.
我派人去拿雪茄和香槟

430
00:24:11,330 --> 00:24:15,530
I had all 10 or 11 people sign that first graph
我让所有10或11个人在第一张图纸

431
00:24:15,530 --> 00:24:19,317
that came down on which I wrote,
上签名，我写下了

432
00:24:19,317 --> 00:24:23,267
"Tonight, it all began tonight, it all began tonight."
“今晚，一切从今晚开始，一切从今晚开始。”

433
00:24:24,502 --> 00:24:27,252
(dramatic music)
音乐声

434
00:24:32,170 --> 00:24:34,410
Suddenly, everybody on the Viking
突然，海盗号任务的每个人

435
00:24:34,410 --> 00:24:36,510
mission became a biologist,
都成了生物学家，

436
00:24:36,510 --> 00:24:41,010
and nobody was willing to say that that was life.
没人愿意说那就是生命，

437
00:24:41,010 --> 00:24:44,785
They all had alternative explanations for it.
他们都有自己不同的解释

438
00:24:44,785 --> 00:24:46,530
My best guess at this point would be--
我觉得最合理的猜测是--

439
00:24:46,530 --> 00:24:48,320
The general interpretation was well,
大概的解释就是

440
00:24:48,320 --> 00:24:50,180
there must have been something geologic
那里一定有一些地质

441
00:24:50,180 --> 00:24:52,640
or some property of the soil on Mars
或者是土壤的特性

442
00:24:52,640 --> 00:24:55,170
that gave this positive result.
导致了这个阳性结果

443
00:24:55,170 --> 00:24:58,050
Exotic things like super oxides.
奇异的东西，比如超氧化物

444
00:24:58,050 --> 00:25:00,543
I didn't even know what a super oxide was.
我甚至不知道什么是超氧化物

445
00:25:02,330 --> 00:25:03,410
Maybe it had something to do
可能是和高氯酸盐

446
00:25:03,410 --> 00:25:04,780
with the presence of perchlorates
的存在有关

447
00:25:04,780 --> 00:25:06,680
which are a particular type of salt
它们是一种特殊的盐，

448
00:25:06,680 --> 00:25:10,240
and they can cause some funky things to happen in soil.
会导致土壤中发生一些奇怪的现象

449
00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:12,902
That could have had some affect on the results.
这可能会对结果产生一些影响

450
00:25:12,902 --> 00:25:15,450
(dramatic music)
音乐声

451
00:25:15,450 --> 00:25:18,810
The second factor was that another experiment,
第二个因素是另一个实验，

452
00:25:18,810 --> 00:25:23,660
which was Norm Horowitz, did not see important responses
诺姆·霍洛维兹，没有看到重要的反应

453
00:25:23,660 --> 00:25:25,160
to what they did to the soil.
通过他们的土壤实验

454
00:25:25,160 --> 00:25:28,280
At least there are no data that it's because--
至少没有任何数据，表明了这是因为……

455
00:25:28,280 --> 00:25:30,780
Norm Horowitz was far more skeptical,
诺姆·霍洛维兹不仅仅持怀疑态度，

456
00:25:30,780 --> 00:25:32,520
and he was absolutely convinced there
他所坚信的观点是

457
00:25:32,520 --> 00:25:34,521
wasn't any life on Mars.
火星上没有生命

458
00:25:34,521 --> 00:25:36,530
They're made out of carbonaceous material.
它们是由含碳物质组成的

459
00:25:36,530 --> 00:25:37,363
We don't know--
我们不知道……

460
00:25:37,363 --> 00:25:40,499
Norm Horowitz's position was very strange.
诺姆·霍洛维兹的观点很奇怪

461
00:25:40,499 --> 00:25:42,020
There's no evidence there there is a --
没有任何证据表明那里……

462
00:25:42,020 --> 00:25:45,660
He said not only is there no life on Mars,
他说火星上不仅没有生命，

463
00:25:45,660 --> 00:25:48,730
but we now know why there's no life on Mars.
而且我们现在知道为什么火星上没有生命了

464
00:25:48,730 --> 00:25:50,293
It has no liquid water.
它没有液态水

465
00:25:51,410 --> 00:25:53,260
I feel he was not objective (laughs).
我觉得他不客观（笑声）

466
00:25:55,340 --> 00:25:57,303
Scientists has to keep an open mind.
科学家必须保持开放的心态

467
00:26:00,510 --> 00:26:03,010
The concept of saying, okay, we found life
要想确认我们发现了生命

468
00:26:03,010 --> 00:26:05,640
was all about each of these experiments
都是关于这些实验的

469
00:26:05,640 --> 00:26:07,610
were going to be able to say
结果都可以证明

470
00:26:07,610 --> 00:26:10,590
I found life, I found life, I found life.
我找到生命，我找到生命，我找到生命

471
00:26:10,590 --> 00:26:14,890
So you had a positive indication for each one of those.
所以你对每一个实验都有阳性的结果

472
00:26:14,890 --> 00:26:17,909
The other two life detection tests were negative.
而另外两个生命检测均为阴性

473
00:26:17,909 --> 00:26:20,659
(dramatic music)
音乐

474
00:26:22,420 --> 00:26:26,133
Skepticism mounted, except in the case of.
怀疑情绪高涨，除了实验团队

475
00:26:27,910 --> 00:26:29,940
NASA didn't entertain
美国宇航局没有考虑到

476
00:26:29,940 --> 00:26:32,000
that the error may have been
这个错误可能是由于

477
00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:34,930
with the instrument looking for organic matter.
用仪器寻找有机物的时候出错了

478
00:26:34,930 --> 00:26:36,340
We don't know that yet.
我们还不知道

479
00:26:36,340 --> 00:26:39,950
We have not definitely proved that Viking
我们没有完全的证据，证明海盗号

480
00:26:39,950 --> 00:26:41,373
did not find life.
没有找到生命

481
00:26:43,220 --> 00:26:46,020
Unfortunately, the people who were the
不幸的是，那些最高级别的

482
00:26:46,020 --> 00:26:49,660
highest-ranking scientists had their say
科学家有发言权

483
00:26:49,660 --> 00:26:52,127
and drowned out the people who were saying,
淹没了那些声音，

484
00:26:52,127 --> 00:26:54,137
"But, but, but, but."
“但是，但是，但是，但是”

485
00:26:54,137 --> 00:26:57,028
(dramatic music)
音乐声

486
00:26:57,028 --> 00:26:59,480
(loud chatter)
争论声

487
00:26:59,480 --> 00:27:01,523
Zilch, there was nothing.
完事儿了，什么也没有

488
00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:07,150
(dramatic music)
音乐

489
00:27:08,300 --> 00:27:12,457
So Norman Horowitz concludes at the end of this process,
所以诺曼·霍洛维兹在这个过程结束时总结道，

490
00:27:12,457 --> 00:27:14,507
"It is now virtually certain that the Earth
“现在几乎可以肯定的是，地球

491
00:27:14,507 --> 00:27:16,307
"is the only life-bearing planet
“是唯一有生命的行星

492
00:27:16,307 --> 00:27:17,933
"in our region of the galaxy.
“在我们附近的银河系区域

493
00:27:18,787 --> 00:27:20,593
"We have waked from a dream.
“我们从梦中醒来

494
00:27:21,969 --> 00:27:23,887
"We are alone."
“我们是孤单的”

495
00:27:23,887 --> 00:27:26,637
(dramatic music)
音乐声

496
00:27:30,156 --> 00:27:34,406
Well, how does he know (laughs)?
好吧，他怎么知道的（笑声）？

497
00:27:36,718 --> 00:27:39,468
(dramatic music)
音乐

498
00:27:41,520 --> 00:27:45,260
I sent him a letter trying to convince him,
我给他写了封信想说服他，

499
00:27:45,260 --> 00:27:47,587
and he sent me a letter back saying,
他给我回信说，

500
00:27:47,587 --> 00:27:50,777
"Gil, what you said is all nonsense,
“吉尔，你说的都是废话，

501
00:27:50,777 --> 00:27:54,850
"and there's no reason for us to communicate any further."
“我们没有理由再进一步沟通了。”

502
00:27:54,850 --> 00:27:55,903
That broke my heart.
那伤了我的心

503
00:27:57,720 --> 00:27:58,553
Yeah.
是的

504
00:27:59,432 --> 00:28:02,182
(dramatic music)
音乐声

505
00:28:05,554 --> 00:28:06,783
Blast off.
发射

506
00:28:06,783 --> 00:28:10,337
(dramatic music)
音乐声

507
00:28:10,337 --> 00:28:12,700
The Viking results certainly caused
海盗号的结果肯定导致了

508
00:28:12,700 --> 00:28:15,310
a hiatus in Mars exploration
火星探测任务的中断

509
00:28:15,310 --> 00:28:18,676
and even longer hiatus in looking for life.
甚至寻找地外生命的任务有更长的中断

510
00:28:18,676 --> 00:28:19,597
Picture will cover an area
图片将覆盖

511
00:28:19,597 --> 00:28:22,180
of approximately 176 miles.
大约176英里的区域

512
00:28:22,180 --> 00:28:25,548
We lost the Mars program for a whole 20 years.
我们失去了火星计划整整20年

513
00:28:25,548 --> 00:28:30,548
What are we gonna do if we see H-E-L-P
如果我们看到救命（HELP）我们该怎么办

514
00:28:30,973 --> 00:28:32,696
stamped in the sand?
在沙子上出现了字母？

515
00:28:32,696 --> 00:28:35,447
(dramatic music)
音乐声

516
00:28:35,447 --> 00:28:37,040
Ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon.
女士们、先生们，下午好

517
00:28:37,040 --> 00:28:38,590
Welcome to NASA Headquarters
欢迎来到美国宇航局总部

518
00:28:38,590 --> 00:28:40,580
and what promises to be a very exciting
这次肯定是很激动人心

519
00:28:40,580 --> 00:28:43,110
and controversial news conference today.
但是有争议的新闻发布会

520
00:28:43,110 --> 00:28:45,860
(dramatic music)
音乐声

521
00:28:48,602 --> 00:28:49,990
So if I can introduce the team,
所以我介绍这个团队，

522
00:28:49,990 --> 00:28:53,920
first, Everett Gibson from the Johnson Space Center.
首先，约翰逊航天中心的埃弗雷特·吉布森

523
00:28:53,920 --> 00:28:55,960
He's a geochemist with over 20 years
他是一个地球化学家，有20多年经验

524
00:28:55,960 --> 00:28:59,550
of investigations in lunar sample work.
在研究月球样品方面

525
00:28:59,550 --> 00:29:03,233
In 1984, scientists were in the ice fields of Antarctica.
1984年，科学家们在南极洲的冰原上

526
00:29:03,233 --> 00:29:05,960
(dramatic music)
音乐声

527
00:29:05,960 --> 00:29:10,632
They found a rock that had a slightly unusual color to it.
他们发现了一块颜色有点不寻常的岩石

528
00:29:10,632 --> 00:29:13,382
(dramatic music)
音乐声

529
00:29:16,290 --> 00:29:19,760
And it was picked up and brought back.
把它捡起，带回来

530
00:29:19,760 --> 00:29:21,940
And then the scientists at NASA
然后是美国宇航局的科学家

531
00:29:21,940 --> 00:29:23,440
was able to analyze this rock,
分析这块岩石，

532
00:29:25,777 --> 00:29:29,210
and he realized the gases that were trapped in this rock
他意识到包含在岩石里的气体

533
00:29:30,510 --> 00:29:33,290
matched exactly the gases that the Viking
与海盗号的气体研究完全吻合

534
00:29:33,290 --> 00:29:37,499
spacecraft has measured on the surface of Mars.
飞船在火星表面进行的测量

535
00:29:37,499 --> 00:29:40,249
(dramatic music)
音乐声

536
00:29:42,030 --> 00:29:43,513
He had a smoking gun.
他有了确切证据

537
00:29:46,490 --> 00:29:49,290
We had a rock from Mars.
我们这块石头来自火星

538
00:29:49,290 --> 00:29:51,380
What I would like to do this afternoon
今天下午我想做什么

539
00:29:51,380 --> 00:29:54,470
is lead you through our story,
带你了解这个故事，

540
00:29:54,470 --> 00:29:57,040
which is a bit of a detective story.
有点像侦探小说

541
00:29:57,040 --> 00:29:59,720
We had a rock from Mars that in an area
我们有一块来自火星的岩石

542
00:29:59,720 --> 00:30:02,193
it has these carbonate globules.
在来源区域有这些碳酸盐球

543
00:30:04,560 --> 00:30:08,053
So what we then did is take some of the carbonate globules,
我们接下来要做的就是取一些碳酸盐球，

544
00:30:09,820 --> 00:30:14,583
gave them false names, sent them to Stanford University.
给他们编号，送去斯坦福大学

545
00:30:16,218 --> 00:30:18,443
They did the analysis.
他们做了分析

546
00:30:20,600 --> 00:30:24,570
A spectrum appeared, organic matter in our samples.
一个光谱结果证明，在我们的样品中含有机物

547
00:30:24,570 --> 00:30:27,333
I'd like to welcome everybody here today.
我想欢迎大家今天到来

548
00:30:28,410 --> 00:30:30,590
It's an unbelievable day.
真是难以置信的一天

549
00:30:30,590 --> 00:30:32,950
It's very, very exciting for me.
对我来说非常非常激动

550
00:30:32,950 --> 00:30:35,950
Not just one sample, multiple samples.
不仅仅是一个样本，还有多个样本

551
00:30:35,950 --> 00:30:39,370
The dedication, knowledge, and painstaking research.
奉献、学识和专注的研究

552
00:30:39,370 --> 00:30:41,040
We worked on it for four years.
我们为此工作了四年

553
00:30:41,040 --> 00:30:43,150
Have brought us to a day that may well
把我们带到了一个很可能

554
00:30:43,150 --> 00:30:46,430
go down in history for American science,
被美国科学载入史册的时代，

555
00:30:46,430 --> 00:30:48,990
for the American people, and indeed, humanity.
为了美国人民，也为了人类

556
00:30:48,990 --> 00:30:51,150
One evening, we were looking around,
一天晚上，我们四处审视，

557
00:30:51,150 --> 00:30:52,520
scanning and looking, and suddenly we
留心查看，然后我们

558
00:30:52,520 --> 00:30:55,600
starting finding these segmented structures.
扫描和观察，突然我们开始发现这些分段的结构

559
00:30:55,600 --> 00:30:58,550
And that caught our attention.
这引起了我们的注意

560
00:30:58,550 --> 00:31:00,130
These segmented structures looked
这些分段的结构看起来

561
00:31:00,130 --> 00:31:02,000
like a desiccated worm.
像一条脱水的蠕虫

562
00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:04,653
If I could have the next slide.
请换下一张幻灯片

563
00:31:05,530 --> 00:31:07,660
If you had a segmented worm,
如果你有一条分节的虫，

564
00:31:07,660 --> 00:31:09,610
and you took all the water out of it,
把所有的水都拿走，

565
00:31:09,610 --> 00:31:10,860
he would shrink and he'd leave
就会缩水然后剩下

566
00:31:10,860 --> 00:31:13,400
this morphology that was left.
的就是这个形态

567
00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:16,960
The simplest explanation to us is that they
最简单的解释是

568
00:31:16,960 --> 00:31:21,444
are the remains of Martian life.
它们是火星生命的化石

569
00:31:21,444 --> 00:31:23,610
This was a major discovery.
这是一个重大发现

570
00:31:23,610 --> 00:31:25,500
I can honestly say that it's undoubtedly
老实说，这无疑是我

571
00:31:25,500 --> 00:31:26,730
the most exciting time I've done
所做的最激动人心的工作

572
00:31:26,730 --> 00:31:29,390
in my 27 years as a scientist.
在我27年的科学家生涯中

573
00:31:29,390 --> 00:31:31,200
And so we put our data out there,
所以我们把资料放在那里，

574
00:31:31,200 --> 00:31:33,714
and let the people shoot at it.
让人们对它照相

575
00:31:33,714 --> 00:31:34,854
Questions, please?
有问题吗？

576
00:31:34,854 --> 00:31:35,687
Jim.
吉姆

577
00:31:35,687 --> 00:31:38,070
If this is correct, if you have found life
如果这是正确的，如果你发现火星上

578
00:31:38,070 --> 00:31:38,903
once existed on Mars--
曾经存在生命——

579
00:31:38,903 --> 00:31:40,685
Additional work needs to be done.
还需要做更多的工作

580
00:31:40,685 --> 00:31:43,770
I think it's science consensus built slowly.
我认为这是慢慢建立起来的科学共识

581
00:31:43,770 --> 00:31:45,750
If you could characterize a smoking gun.
如果你能拿出确凿的证据

582
00:31:45,750 --> 00:31:48,920
Who is to say that we are not all Martians?
谁说我们不都是火星人？

583
00:31:48,920 --> 00:31:51,187
David Chandler from the Boston Globe.
波士顿环球报的大卫·钱德勒

584
00:31:51,187 --> 00:31:55,380
One of the investigators of the Viking life detection tests
海盗号生命检测试验的调查人员之一

585
00:31:55,380 --> 00:31:57,480
has maintained the Labeled Release experiment did,
一直坚持标签释放实验的结果，

586
00:31:57,480 --> 00:32:00,733
in fact, produce evidence of current life on Mars.
事实上，验证了火星上目前存在生命

587
00:32:04,871 --> 00:32:06,870
Do you think there will be a reexamination
你认为会有重试

588
00:32:06,870 --> 00:32:09,550
of the result of that experiment?
对那次的实验结果？

589
00:32:09,550 --> 00:32:11,620
I think I'll handle that one.
我想我会做的

590
00:32:11,620 --> 00:32:13,770
This result that you heard about today
你今天听到的这个结果

591
00:32:13,770 --> 00:32:17,280
has only something to say about the possibility
只是关于生命存在的可能性

592
00:32:18,354 --> 00:32:21,561
of life early in the planet's history,
在这颗星球的早期历史上，

593
00:32:21,561 --> 00:32:23,394
but not really about--
但是并不是真的……

594
00:32:25,880 --> 00:32:27,480
Good afternoon.
下午好

595
00:32:27,480 --> 00:32:30,210
Presidents don't tend to make big speeches about space,
总统一般不会就太空问题发表演讲，

596
00:32:30,210 --> 00:32:32,710
so it took over the media.
所以这次新闻占据了媒体

597
00:32:32,710 --> 00:32:35,210
If this discovery is confirmed,
如果这个发现被证实，

598
00:32:35,210 --> 00:32:37,790
it will surely be one of the most stunning insights
这肯定是最令人惊叹的观点之一

599
00:32:37,790 --> 00:32:41,273
into our universe that science has ever uncovered.
科学史上的发现，对我们宇宙的了解

600
00:32:42,160 --> 00:32:45,040
But then when it started becoming more and more
但是当它开始变得越来越

601
00:32:45,040 --> 00:32:47,620
scrutinized by other scientists taking a look at it,
受到其他科学家的关注时，

602
00:32:47,620 --> 00:32:50,510
it became more and more generally accepted by the community
人们越来越普遍地认为，

603
00:32:50,510 --> 00:32:52,630
that these were actually features that were left behind
这些实际上是地质作用

604
00:32:52,630 --> 00:32:55,100
by a geological process and not by life.
而不是生命留下的特征

605
00:32:55,100 --> 00:32:57,670
I am determined that the American space program
我坚信美国的太空计划

606
00:32:57,670 --> 00:32:59,500
will put its full intellectual power
将把它的全部学术能力

607
00:32:59,500 --> 00:33:02,490
and technological prowess behind the search
和技术能力用于

608
00:33:02,490 --> 00:33:05,700
for further evidence of life on Mars.
寻找火星上生命的进一步证据

609
00:33:05,700 --> 00:33:07,320
Liftoff with the Mars observer
火星观察者号升空

610
00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:09,503
and America's return to the Red Planet.
以及美国重返红色星球

611
00:33:10,380 --> 00:33:13,010
Even though that conclusion is still under
即使这个结论仍然在

612
00:33:13,010 --> 00:33:15,950
a large amount of debate and question,
大量的争论和质疑中，

613
00:33:15,950 --> 00:33:18,850
it did revitalize the interest in Mars.
它确实使人们重新对火星产生了兴趣

614
00:33:18,850 --> 00:33:21,900
We're good symmetrical burn on all six outlets.
我们六个助推器是对称燃烧的

615
00:33:21,900 --> 00:33:23,270
This story didn't have to be true
这个故事不一定非是真的

616
00:33:23,270 --> 00:33:24,690
for people to get inspired.
人们才能得到鼓舞

617
00:33:24,690 --> 00:33:27,890
Just the idea that there might be life on Mars
只是认为火星上可能有生命

618
00:33:27,890 --> 00:33:30,590
was probably enough to get a bunch of people inspired.
可能就足以让一群人受到启发

619
00:33:32,030 --> 00:33:37,030
Those findings stimulated a lot of attention to Mars,
这些发现激发了人们对火星的极大关注，

620
00:33:37,577 --> 00:33:39,489
and that was beneficial.
这是有益处的

621
00:33:39,489 --> 00:33:42,239
(dramatic music)
音乐声

622
00:33:47,110 --> 00:33:48,590
The question was asked,
有人问问题，

623
00:33:48,590 --> 00:33:50,840
do we go to the surface with some new thing?
我们带着新东西到火星上去吗？

624
00:33:50,840 --> 00:33:53,390
Do we put outriggers on a lander to make it tougher?
我们是否在着陆器上安装外伸支架以使其更坚固？

625
00:33:53,390 --> 00:33:55,570
Or do we move?
我们会移动吗？

626
00:33:55,570 --> 00:33:57,650
They said, "Okay, what would science want?"
他们说，“好吧，科学上有什么要求？”

627
00:33:57,650 --> 00:34:01,777
And science said, "We want to be mobile and go."
科学家说，“我们想移动并巡视。”

628
00:34:03,770 --> 00:34:05,824
And so we went for it.
所以我们就去了

629
00:34:05,824 --> 00:34:07,500
(dramatic music)
音乐声

630
00:34:07,500 --> 00:34:11,937
Two Rovers, two landing sites, two payloads.
两个火星车，两个着陆点，两个有效载荷

631
00:34:11,937 --> 00:34:15,090
(dramatic music)
音乐声

632
00:34:15,090 --> 00:34:17,840
Spirit and Opportunity were two solar-powered robots
勇气号和机遇号是两个太阳能机器人

633
00:34:17,840 --> 00:34:19,310
that would have the ability to rove around
有能力四处游走

634
00:34:19,310 --> 00:34:21,400
and analyze rocks and soil on Mars.
分析火星上的岩石和土壤

635
00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:24,510
And liftoff of the Delta 2 rocket
德尔塔2号火箭升空

636
00:34:24,510 --> 00:34:27,160
carrying the Spirit from Earth to planet Mars.
把勇气号从地球带到火星

637
00:34:27,160 --> 00:34:28,600
Now in the post-Viking era,
现在的后海盗号时代，

638
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:32,050
the mission shied away from explicitly searching for life,
任务回避了要去寻找生命，

639
00:34:32,050 --> 00:34:33,667
and instead went for the next best thing.
而是去做一件关键的事

640
00:34:33,667 --> 00:34:35,560
T plus 20 seconds.
加上20秒

641
00:34:35,560 --> 00:34:37,550
Spirit and Opportunity never started
精神和机遇从未说过

642
00:34:37,550 --> 00:34:39,960
out with the mantra of let's go find life.
“让我们去寻找生命”这句咒语

643
00:34:39,960 --> 00:34:41,740
We're approaching Mach 1.
我们正接近1马赫

644
00:34:41,740 --> 00:34:44,427
But if you were to ask the astrobiologists,
但如果你问天体生物学家，

645
00:34:44,427 --> 00:34:46,687
"Give me a definition of life,
“给我一个生命的定义，

646
00:34:46,687 --> 00:34:50,127
"so that I could go out and find it in the solar system,
“这样我就可以在太阳系找到它，

647
00:34:50,127 --> 00:34:53,070
"the key ingredient is water."
“最关键的成分是水。”

648
00:34:53,070 --> 00:34:54,490
Positions look good.
姿态看起来不错

649
00:34:54,490 --> 00:34:56,090
So Spirit and Opportunity were
所以勇气号和机遇号

650
00:34:56,090 --> 00:34:58,743
looking for water-modified rocks.
在寻找水成岩

651
00:34:58,743 --> 00:35:00,830
Jettisoned all six solid.
抛弃了六个固体助推器

652
00:35:00,830 --> 00:35:02,450
We've ignited the other three.
我们点燃了另外三个

653
00:35:02,450 --> 00:35:05,857
The whole concept was let's follow the water.
整个任务概念是让我们去找水

654
00:35:05,857 --> 00:35:08,607
(dramatic music)
音乐声

655
00:35:09,670 --> 00:35:10,970
T plus 20 seconds.
加上20秒

656
00:35:12,100 --> 00:35:14,373
And a good evening from the flight deck.
在飞行界面上祝大家晚上好

657
00:35:14,373 --> 00:35:15,360
At this time, we are approximately
此时，我们大约距离

658
00:35:15,360 --> 00:35:18,160
five minutes 53 seconds from equator of Mars.
火星赤道5分53秒

659
00:35:18,160 --> 00:35:19,210
Weather today at the landing site
着陆场今天的天气

660
00:35:19,210 --> 00:35:20,470
is expected to be fairly mild,
预计会相当温和，

661
00:35:20,470 --> 00:35:23,350
with temperatures averaging about minus 15 degrees C.
平均气温约为零下15摄氏度

662
00:35:23,350 --> 00:35:25,200
And there is no chance of rain today.
今天不可能下雨

663
00:35:26,345 --> 00:35:27,260
At this time, we invite you to sit back,
现在，我们邀请你坐下来，

664
00:35:27,260 --> 00:35:28,093
enjoy the landing.
享受降落的过程

665
00:35:28,093 --> 00:35:29,040
It's gonna be ride.
相当短的旅程

666
00:35:29,040 --> 00:35:31,143
Three, two, one.
3，2，1

667
00:35:31,143 --> 00:35:33,820
(dramatic music)
音乐声

668
00:35:33,820 --> 00:35:34,747
Vehicles have now hit the top
探测器现在已经进入

669
00:35:34,747 --> 00:35:37,161
of the Martian atmosphere.
火星大气层

670
00:35:37,161 --> 00:35:37,994
We are moving at a speed of 12,187 miles per hour.
我们以每小时12187英里的速度前进

671
00:35:41,963 --> 00:35:44,586
Entry plus 30, altitude 60 miles.
进入30秒，高度60英里

672
00:35:44,586 --> 00:35:47,850
(dramatic music)
音乐声

673
00:35:47,850 --> 00:35:49,491
Parachutes deployed and ejected.
降落伞启动、弹出

674
00:35:49,491 --> 00:35:51,957
(group cheers)
欢呼声

675
00:35:51,957 --> 00:35:54,193
We have a positive indication of parachute deployed.
我们有降落伞展开的信号

676
00:35:55,350 --> 00:35:57,788
Heat shield separation self detected.
检测到隔热板分离

677
00:35:57,788 --> 00:35:59,535
(group applauds)
集体鼓掌

678
00:35:59,535 --> 00:36:01,116
We have confirmation from the spacecraft
我们得到飞船的确认

679
00:36:01,116 --> 00:36:03,507
that the flight has attempted to jettison.
飞船正试图脱离

680
00:36:03,507 --> 00:36:04,348
Yes, it has fired.
好了，点火了

681
00:36:04,348 --> 00:36:06,176
We have confirmation.
我们已经确认了

682
00:36:06,176 --> 00:36:07,009
(group cheers)
欢呼声

683
00:36:07,009 --> 00:36:07,847
The rockets have ignited.
火箭已经点火了

684
00:36:07,847 --> 00:36:09,514
We are now awaiting confirmation
我们正在等待确认

685
00:36:09,514 --> 00:36:12,597
of positive signals found on the rim.
收到成功的信号

686
00:36:13,485 --> 00:36:14,943
Getting a bouncing signal.
收到弹跳信号

687
00:36:14,943 --> 00:36:15,999
(group cheers)
欢呼声

688
00:36:15,999 --> 00:36:16,899
Getting bounce signal.
收到弹跳信号

689
00:36:16,899 --> 00:36:17,732
We are getting a bounce signal.
我们收到一个弹跳信号

690
00:36:17,732 --> 00:36:18,838
Getting confirmation from spacecraft.
得到飞船的确认

691
00:36:18,838 --> 00:36:21,426
Bouncing and alive on Mars,
在火星上蹦跳，

692
00:36:21,426 --> 00:36:23,230
however this bouncing--
但是这个反弹--

693
00:36:23,230 --> 00:36:24,920
Stop, hold on.
停，等一下

694
00:36:24,920 --> 00:36:27,100
We have a momentary loss of the signal.
我们失去了信号

695
00:36:27,100 --> 00:36:29,270
As the spacecraft is bouncing on the surface,
当飞船在地面上弹跳时，

696
00:36:29,270 --> 00:36:30,920
it is difficult to maintain lock.
很难保持锁定

697
00:36:31,770 --> 00:36:33,890
We need to reacquire the signal
我们需要重新获得信号

698
00:36:33,890 --> 00:36:36,290
to have positive confirmation of a safe landing.
以确认安全着陆

699
00:36:39,338 --> 00:36:40,383
We're seeing it on the LCT.
我们在液晶屏上看到了

700
00:36:40,383 --> 00:36:42,966
(group cheers)
欢呼声

701
00:36:44,088 --> 00:36:45,752
We're on Mars, everybody.
我们登陆火星了，大家

702
00:36:45,752 --> 00:36:47,658
(group cheers)
欢呼声

703
00:36:47,658 --> 00:36:49,876
(group applauds)
集体鼓掌

704
00:36:49,876 --> 00:36:52,626
(dramatic music)
音乐声

705
00:37:14,860 --> 00:37:17,560
Spirit landed in a region called Gusev Crater.
勇气号降落在一个叫做古斯夫陨石坑的地区

706
00:37:19,960 --> 00:37:23,380
During the landing site selection process,
在着陆地点选择过程中，

707
00:37:23,380 --> 00:37:26,620
we used a camera that was on the Mars global surveyor.
我们使用了火星全球勘测者上的相机

708
00:37:26,620 --> 00:37:29,563
And it trained and took pictures of the ground.
它飞过并拍摄地面照片

709
00:37:32,020 --> 00:37:35,120
Gusev crater has a drainage channel
古斯夫陨石坑有一条水沟

710
00:37:35,120 --> 00:37:37,710
that extends for thousands of kilometers
绵延数千公里

711
00:37:37,710 --> 00:37:39,710
through the ancient highlands,
穿过古老的高地，

712
00:37:39,710 --> 00:37:43,323
and looks like it filled that crater up with a lake.
看起来像是把陨石坑灌满了水

713
00:37:45,730 --> 00:37:48,970
This was a location where sedimentary rocks
这里是个好地方，沉积岩层

714
00:37:48,970 --> 00:37:51,750
that could tell us about the environment,
可以告诉我们环境变化，

715
00:37:51,750 --> 00:37:53,853
when it was active, would be.
什么时候是活跃的

716
00:37:54,856 --> 00:37:58,430
(dramatic music)
音乐声

717
00:37:58,430 --> 00:38:01,574
We got images pretty quickly.
我们很快就得到了图像

718
00:38:01,574 --> 00:38:03,603
(camera whines)
摄像机声

719
00:38:03,603 --> 00:38:06,353
(dramatic music)
音乐声

720
00:38:16,407 --> 00:38:17,350
We thought it might be landing
我们以为它会降落

721
00:38:17,350 --> 00:38:19,090
in the middle of an old lake.
在一个湖的遗迹的中央

722
00:38:19,090 --> 00:38:20,360
Unfortunately, we got there,
不幸的是，我们到了那里，

723
00:38:20,360 --> 00:38:23,477
and we all we could see, basically, was volcanic stuff.
我们所能看到的基本上都是火成岩

724
00:38:23,477 --> 00:38:26,227
(dramatic music)
音乐声

725
00:38:30,131 --> 00:38:34,786
Gusev was basically a basaltic plain, which is lava flow.
古斯夫基本上是一个玄武岩平原，这是熔岩流

726
00:38:34,786 --> 00:38:37,220
(camera whines)
摄像机声

727
00:38:37,220 --> 00:38:38,460
So if the lake had ever been there,
所以如果湖水曾经出现过，

728
00:38:38,460 --> 00:38:41,337
it had been covered by volcanic materials.
现在它被火山喷发的物质覆盖着

729
00:38:41,337 --> 00:38:44,087
(dramatic music)
音乐声

730
00:38:45,560 --> 00:38:50,010
We were crestfallen that none of our predictions
我们沮丧地发现我们的预测

731
00:38:50,010 --> 00:38:54,845
about what materials would be there, we were wrong.
对地质成分的预测都是错误的

732
00:38:54,845 --> 00:38:57,595
(dramatic music)
音乐声

733
00:38:59,480 --> 00:39:02,303
Opportunity was completely different.
机遇号完全不同

734
00:39:06,750 --> 00:39:08,760
Opportunity really hit the bullseye
机遇号真的击中靶心了

735
00:39:08,760 --> 00:39:11,350
because it landed in a place called Isil Crater
因为它降落在一个叫做老鹰撞击坑的地方

736
00:39:11,350 --> 00:39:13,650
in which Mother Nature's done you a big favor.
大自然帮了你大忙

737
00:39:15,276 --> 00:39:17,100
At some point, she slammed a meteorite
在某个时刻，扔了一颗陨石

738
00:39:17,100 --> 00:39:18,410
into the surface of the planet,
撞在星球表面

739
00:39:18,410 --> 00:39:22,250
excavating this big hole and basically
挖出这个大洞，基本上

740
00:39:22,250 --> 00:39:25,640
gave you this archeological dig, if you will.
给了你这个考古挖掘的机会

741
00:39:25,640 --> 00:39:27,387
You land in the middle of it,
你降落在中间，

742
00:39:27,387 --> 00:39:28,980
and all you gotta do is look around,
你只要四处看看，

743
00:39:28,980 --> 00:39:30,543
and here's the history of Mars.
就是火星的历史

744
00:39:32,730 --> 00:39:35,163
For geologists, outcrops are currency.
对地质学家来说，露出地表的岩石最重要

745
00:39:36,730 --> 00:39:39,537
And we saw sedimentary rocks.
我们看到了沉积岩

746
00:39:39,537 --> 00:39:42,287
(dramatic music)
音乐声

747
00:39:45,070 --> 00:39:47,650
When geologists go out in the field here on Earth,
在地球上，当地质学家来到野外，

748
00:39:47,650 --> 00:39:50,290
they wanna look for layers of sediment
他们想找沉积物积累

749
00:39:50,290 --> 00:39:52,761
that have accumulated over time.
随着时间积累的岩层

750
00:39:52,761 --> 00:39:54,550
(dramatic music)
音乐声

751
00:39:54,550 --> 00:39:58,330
This is literally the historical pages
这简直就是历史的书页

752
00:39:58,330 --> 00:40:00,023
of the book of the Earth.
地球之书的篇章

753
00:40:01,750 --> 00:40:04,140
This level was where the dinosaurs were,
这一层是恐龙所在的地方，

754
00:40:04,140 --> 00:40:06,570
and at this level, they died,
在这一层，他们死了，

755
00:40:06,570 --> 00:40:09,263
and at this level, new life became.
在这个层上，新的生命开始了

756
00:40:11,100 --> 00:40:13,843
You can just read that book of history.
你需要做的就是读那本历史书

757
00:40:15,350 --> 00:40:17,803
That's what we found on Mars.
这就是我们在火星上发现的

758
00:40:19,180 --> 00:40:20,740
Because they had the robotic arm
因为火星车有机械手臂

759
00:40:20,740 --> 00:40:21,970
and they had instruments on the arm,
和手臂上的仪器，

760
00:40:21,970 --> 00:40:24,783
you can find out exactly what they're composed of.
你可以知道它们是由什么组成的

761
00:40:26,430 --> 00:40:29,060
There was this treasure trove of information
这是一个信息宝库

762
00:40:29,060 --> 00:40:31,033
that just came flooding back.
喷涌而来

763
00:40:31,921 --> 00:40:33,280
There were not igneous rocks.
没有火成岩

764
00:40:33,280 --> 00:40:35,640
These were sedimentary rocks that would have been
这些是沉积岩

765
00:40:35,640 --> 00:40:40,377
formed by liquid water.
由液态水形成

766
00:40:40,377 --> 00:40:43,800
(dramatic music)
音乐声

767
00:40:43,800 --> 00:40:47,770
They had gone through periods of groundwater
它们经历了埋在地下的时期

768
00:40:47,770 --> 00:40:50,020
that had changed their composition,
地下水改变了它们的组成，

769
00:40:50,020 --> 00:40:52,540
and it was a classic sedimentary sequence
这是一个有代表性的沉积序列，

770
00:40:52,540 --> 00:40:55,263
that we've seen on the Earth in many places.
我们在地球上很多地方都看到过

771
00:40:58,560 --> 00:41:00,910
And this is where it really gets interesting.
这才是真正有趣的地方

772
00:41:03,570 --> 00:41:06,600
We see these little bead-like things in the soil.
我们在土里看到这些小珠子状的东西

773
00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:07,970
We thought what could these be?
我们想这些会是什么？

774
00:41:07,970 --> 00:41:10,320
Many people started conjecturing,
很多人开始猜测，

775
00:41:10,320 --> 00:41:12,470
but when we put the infrared eyes on them,
但是当我们用红外线扫描他们的时候，

776
00:41:12,470 --> 00:41:15,630
we can see iron and oxygen in them.
我们可以看到铁和氧

777
00:41:15,630 --> 00:41:18,937
We're thinking, "Holy crap, Batman."
我们在想，“天哪，快来呀”

778
00:41:20,240 --> 00:41:22,029
We found hematite.
我们发现了赤铁矿

779
00:41:22,029 --> 00:41:24,930
(dramatic music)
音乐声

780
00:41:24,930 --> 00:41:27,530
Hematite is a mineral here on Earth
赤铁矿是地球上的一种矿物

781
00:41:27,530 --> 00:41:29,093
that's formed in water,
在水中形成的，

782
00:41:30,730 --> 00:41:33,000
and a lot of it in moving water,
很多是在流动的水中，

783
00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:34,900
that allows this mineral to be formed.
使这种矿物得以形成

784
00:41:35,887 --> 00:41:37,823
And they were all over the place.
他们到处都是

785
00:41:40,570 --> 00:41:44,358
Oh my gosh, we found the Holy Grail.
天哪，我们找到了圣杯

786
00:41:44,358 --> 00:41:47,108
(dramatic music)
音乐声

787
00:41:48,900 --> 00:41:50,440
So the whole point of the Mars
所以火星车最关键的

788
00:41:50,440 --> 00:41:52,880
exploration Rovers was roving.
在火星的探索

789
00:41:52,880 --> 00:41:54,497
We wanna move.
我们想要在火星移动

790
00:41:54,497 --> 00:41:57,247
(dramatic music)
音乐声

791
00:41:59,930 --> 00:42:01,360
Now the Spirit and Opportunity mission
尽管“勇气与机遇”号任务

792
00:42:01,360 --> 00:42:04,050
was expected to last just 90 days.
预计只持续90天

793
00:42:04,050 --> 00:42:06,320
But as both of them traversed the Martian surface,
但当它们穿越火星表面，

794
00:42:06,320 --> 00:42:08,464
they soon blew right past that.
它们很快就超过了

795
00:42:08,464 --> 00:42:11,214
(dramatic music)
音乐声

796
00:42:13,210 --> 00:42:15,630
We hopped from crater and crater and crater
我们从一个又一个的陨石坑过去

797
00:42:18,270 --> 00:42:20,163
and drove tens of kilometers.
开过数十千米远

798
00:42:21,970 --> 00:42:26,223
They outdid their warranty by factors of hundreds.
他们的保修期超过了百倍

799
00:42:29,020 --> 00:42:30,850
We're several years into the mission
我们已经执行任务好几年了

800
00:42:30,850 --> 00:42:33,653
that we had real trouble with Spirit.
我们在勇气号上遇到了麻烦

801
00:42:37,130 --> 00:42:39,923
Spirit had lost one drive wheel.
勇气号失去了一个驱动轮

802
00:42:41,790 --> 00:42:45,433
In doing so, we got stuck in a sandy crater,
这时候，我们被困在了一个沙坑里，

803
00:42:46,960 --> 00:42:48,783
and it was very difficult.
非常的难以脱身

804
00:42:50,090 --> 00:42:52,163
And that was the end of Spirit, yeah.
那是勇气号的终结，是的。

805
00:42:53,440 --> 00:42:56,400
(dramatic music)
音乐声

806
00:42:56,400 --> 00:43:00,200
But Opportunity just shines like a radiant star,
但机遇号就像一颗闪耀的星星，

807
00:43:00,200 --> 00:43:03,926
'cause this Rover keeps going and going and going.
因为这辆火星车一直在跑

808
00:43:03,926 --> 00:43:06,990
(dramatic music)
音乐声

809
00:43:06,990 --> 00:43:11,463
Opportunity really began to show evidence of past water.
机遇号真的开始证明过去的水的存在

810
00:43:12,490 --> 00:43:15,300
We started to see the kind of mineral signatures
我们开始看到矿物的特征

811
00:43:15,300 --> 00:43:16,760
that were the stuff of dreams,
是梦寐以求的东西，

812
00:43:16,760 --> 00:43:20,060
that support water as a persistent liquid thing.
支持持续的液态水的观点

813
00:43:20,060 --> 00:43:24,350
Water that forms and--Caused by water.
由水形成、由水引起的

814
00:43:24,350 --> 00:43:25,183
Acid rain.
酸雨

815
00:43:25,183 --> 00:43:27,158
River flows, groundwaters.
河流，地下水

816
00:43:27,158 --> 00:43:29,110
If you were there when the water was there,
如果你在有水的时候在那里，

817
00:43:29,110 --> 00:43:30,590
you could drink it.
你可以喝

818
00:43:30,590 --> 00:43:33,823
This is just this ongoing saga of water.
这只是一个持续的水环境

819
00:43:34,830 --> 00:43:37,080
Water, water, everywhere.
水，水，到处都是

820
00:43:37,080 --> 00:43:39,560
(dramatic music)
音乐声

821
00:43:39,560 --> 00:43:42,453
Then in 2012, a new Rover drops into the party.
然后在2012年，一辆新的火星车加入了派对

822
00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:45,880
Curiosity, equipped with a drill
好奇号，带着钻头

823
00:43:45,880 --> 00:43:48,363
and carrying an entire laboratory on its back.
背着整个实验室

824
00:43:49,250 --> 00:43:50,780
This machine rolled into town
这台机器加入进来

825
00:43:50,780 --> 00:43:53,812
and immediately changed our view of the Red Planet.
立刻改变了我们对红色星球的看法

826
00:43:53,812 --> 00:43:55,660
(dramatic music)
音乐声

827
00:43:55,660 --> 00:43:59,850
As we dug into the soils, and we found,
当我们在土壤里挖的时候，我们发现，

828
00:43:59,850 --> 00:44:03,000
to our delight, it had carbon, hydrogen,
令我们高兴的是，它含有碳，氢，

829
00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:06,910
oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur.
氧、氮、磷和硫

830
00:44:06,910 --> 00:44:10,163
That's everything between these two fingers.
我手指捏的就是这些成分

831
00:44:12,370 --> 00:44:17,370
All the right stuff that life is made of is on Mars.
所有生命组成的成分在火星上都有

832
00:44:18,611 --> 00:44:21,361
(dramatic music)
音乐声

833
00:44:22,650 --> 00:44:24,780
Meanwhile, after 15 years on the surface,
同时，在火星上呆了15年之后，

834
00:44:24,780 --> 00:44:28,180
Opportunity had covered a record-breaking 28 miles,
机遇号的航程达到了创纪录的28英里，

835
00:44:28,180 --> 00:44:30,063
documenting every step of the way.
每一步都是新纪录

836
00:44:32,010 --> 00:44:34,020
It's this unstoppable machine.
这是一台势不可挡的机器

837
00:44:34,020 --> 00:44:36,117
It just keeps driving.
它一直在开

838
00:44:36,117 --> 00:44:38,867
(dramatic music)
音乐声

839
00:44:42,270 --> 00:44:44,743
And then in June of 2018,
然后在2018年6月，

840
00:44:47,190 --> 00:44:48,990
here's a dust storm in the distance.
远处有沙尘暴来袭

841
00:44:50,233 --> 00:44:52,983
(dramatic music)
音乐声

842
00:44:53,890 --> 00:44:56,208
It turns out to be a whopper.
原来是个超大的

843
00:44:56,208 --> 00:44:59,410
(dramatic music)
音乐声

844
00:44:59,410 --> 00:45:01,810
The sun was almost blacked out.
太阳几乎全黑了

845
00:45:04,090 --> 00:45:09,090
And at that point, there was no power getting to the panels,
在那个时候，太阳能板没有电，

846
00:45:09,100 --> 00:45:11,453
and we've lost contact.
我们失去了联系

847
00:45:12,379 --> 00:45:15,129
(dramatic music)
音乐声

848
00:45:16,930 --> 00:45:19,720
Four months, we don't hear anything.
四个月了，我们什么都没收到

849
00:45:19,720 --> 00:45:20,763
It's gone silent.
它陷入了沉寂

850
00:45:23,320 --> 00:45:25,363
We all just kind of held out hope.
我们都抱着希望

851
00:45:27,020 --> 00:45:28,630
We tried for months and months and months
我们试了好几个月

852
00:45:28,630 --> 00:45:31,053
until there was just nothing.
一直都是什么都没有

853
00:45:31,053 --> 00:45:33,540
(dramatic music)
音乐声

854
00:45:33,540 --> 00:45:37,683
And at that point, eventually you say that's the end, yeah.
在那个时候，最终你会说那是结束，是的

855
00:45:37,683 --> 00:45:40,433
(dramatic music)
音乐声

856
00:45:52,640 --> 00:45:56,180
We had one final day where they called the team
最后一天，他们打电话给我们团队

857
00:45:56,180 --> 00:45:58,870
out to JPL, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
去JPL喷气推进实验室，

858
00:45:58,870 --> 00:46:00,610
where anybody that wanted to come and be there
想来这里的人，想在现场

859
00:46:00,610 --> 00:46:02,876
when they sent the final commands could come.
在他们发出最后指令的时候

860
00:46:02,876 --> 00:46:05,970
(dramatic music)
音乐声

861
00:46:05,970 --> 00:46:09,360
We had all gathered in this area called the dark room,
我们都聚集在一个叫做暗室的地方，

862
00:46:09,360 --> 00:46:11,320
overlooking mission operations,
纵览任务行动，

863
00:46:11,320 --> 00:46:13,470
and we're watching the flight commanders
我们在看着任务指挥

864
00:46:13,470 --> 00:46:15,690
sending off the last commands to the Rover.
向火星车发出最后的指令

865
00:46:15,690 --> 00:46:18,959
We did basically four final pings.
基本上就是四个最后的ping

866
00:46:18,959 --> 00:46:21,709
(dramatic music)
音乐声

867
00:46:23,640 --> 00:46:26,910
The light-time delay comes and goes.
光速的延时来了又去

868
00:46:26,910 --> 00:46:28,350
We got no signal.
我们没有收到信号

869
00:46:28,350 --> 00:46:30,673
And everybody just kind of sits there in silence.
每个人都静静地坐在那里

870
00:46:30,673 --> 00:46:33,423
(dramatic music)
音乐声

871
00:46:35,360 --> 00:46:38,120
And then the manager of the mission, John Callas--
然后是任务指挥约翰·卡拉斯--

872
00:46:38,120 --> 00:46:41,090
This concludes operations for MER-1,
MER-1的操作到此结束，

873
00:46:41,090 --> 00:46:43,600
spacecraft ID 253.
飞船代码253

874
00:46:43,600 --> 00:46:47,890
Says thank you for your 15 years of service.
感谢你15年的服务

875
00:46:47,890 --> 00:46:49,050
Thank you.
谢谢

876
00:46:49,050 --> 00:46:51,090
But this is the end,
但这就是结局，

877
00:46:51,090 --> 00:46:53,803
so this is MER signing off the net.
所以这时MER断开链接

878
00:46:55,240 --> 00:46:57,599
MER project off the net.
MER项目断开链接

879
00:46:57,599 --> 00:47:00,349
(dramatic music)
音乐声

880
00:47:01,190 --> 00:47:03,444
In the dark room, it was just silent,
在暗室里，寂静无声，

881
00:47:03,444 --> 00:47:04,460
and everybody's kind of looking around
每个人都在四处张望

882
00:47:04,460 --> 00:47:07,997
and we're like, "This is it; this is actually the end."
我们会想，“就是这样，这就是结局。”

883
00:47:09,385 --> 00:47:12,135
(dramatic music)
音乐声

884
00:47:13,460 --> 00:47:16,332
It definitely lead to a lot of tears.
这让很多人流下了眼泪

885
00:47:16,332 --> 00:47:19,082
(dramatic music)
音乐声

886
00:47:27,500 --> 00:47:31,237
When we look at these missions, it's an enormous legacy.
当我们看到这些任务时，这是一笔巨大的遗产

887
00:47:31,237 --> 00:47:33,987
(dramatic music)
音乐声

888
00:47:37,790 --> 00:47:39,940
What we know about Mars really has been
我们对火星的了解

889
00:47:39,940 --> 00:47:42,030
built up over a series of missions,
是通过一系列的任务建立起来的，

890
00:47:42,030 --> 00:47:44,520
and we've learned really spectacular
我们学到了非常惊人的东西

891
00:47:44,520 --> 00:47:47,548
things in each and every one of them.
在每一次，在所有的任务中

892
00:47:47,548 --> 00:47:50,298
(dramatic music)
音乐声

893
00:47:51,530 --> 00:47:54,790
We've gone from this first rapid flyby
我们从第一次飞掠任务

894
00:47:54,790 --> 00:47:59,253
that sent back 22 images to today,
发回22张照片到今天，

895
00:48:00,320 --> 00:48:02,870
we've discovered that's it's not a dry, dead world.
我们发现这不是一个干涸、死亡的世界

896
00:48:04,410 --> 00:48:08,650
Four billion years ago, if I stood on Olympus Mons,
40亿年前，如果我站在奥林匹斯山上，

897
00:48:08,650 --> 00:48:13,650
I would see a vast ocean and begin to see the land.
我会看到一片辽阔的海洋，看到陆地

898
00:48:15,010 --> 00:48:18,473
And maybe on that land was vegetation.
也许那片土地上有植被

899
00:48:20,250 --> 00:48:24,100
Mars was wet, warm, wonderful,
火星曾是湿的，温暖的，美妙的，

900
00:48:24,100 --> 00:48:27,470
and there's no reason to believe that life
没有理由相信

901
00:48:27,470 --> 00:48:31,346
did not develop on Mars four billion years ago.
40亿年前火星上没有生命

902
00:48:31,346 --> 00:48:34,096
(dramatic music)
音乐声

903
00:48:35,260 --> 00:48:37,320
The story is getting sharper.
事实越来越清楚了

904
00:48:37,320 --> 00:48:40,530
Water, habitable environments in the past,
水，过去的宜居环境，

905
00:48:40,530 --> 00:48:44,503
organic molecules, this is a new Mars.
有机分子，这是一个新的火星

906
00:48:45,630 --> 00:48:47,329
The story's only gonna get better.
事情的发展只会变得更好

907
00:48:47,329 --> 00:48:50,079
(dramatic music)
音乐声

908
00:48:50,925 --> 00:48:56,150
 2020年NASA要发射火星任务，寻找过去生命存在的证据

909
00:48:59,025 --> 00:49:03,525
 吉尔·莱文继续努力证明1976年他在火星上发现了生命

910
00:49:07,030 --> 00:49:10,060
I am now 95 years old.
我现在95岁了

911
00:49:10,060 --> 00:49:13,203
Never give up, never, never,
永不放弃，永不，永不，

912
00:49:14,165 --> 00:49:17,725
never, et cetera (laughs).
从来没有（笑声）

913
00:49:19,226 --> 00:49:22,059
(dramatic music)
音乐声

914
00:49:22,750 --> 00:49:25,475
翻译：火星学会